1.3 Cell physiology

Question 1

Genotype

Answer 1

The same exact chromosomal DNA that every somatic cell in the body has

Question 2

Phenotype

Answer 2

Form and function of a cell, determined by the types of proteins expressed in cells, separates a brain cell from a pancreatic cell, etc.

Question 3

The proteins expressed in a cell depends on…

Answer 3

The genes that are transcribed from DNA to RNA

Question 4

What selects the genes from the genome to differentiate the cells?

Answer 4

Transcription factors

Question 5

Tissues

Answer 5

Groups of similarly oriented cells working together

Question 6

How do you ensure a constant supply of differentiated cells?

Answer 6

Tissue stem cells

Question 7

What does it take to be a stem cell?

Answer 7

They have to engage in a rare form of cellular mitosis that enables

1. Self- Renewal
2. Ability to remain undifferentiated

Question 8

Self-renewal

Answer 8

Ability to make an exact copy of the original stem cell

Question 9

Ability to remain undifferentiated

Answer 9

Since they stay uncommitted, they have the unique ability to give rise to numerous other cell types (from one to many)

Question 10

Totipotent cell

Answer 10

“Unlimited potential,” can create any type of tissue known- even placental tissue

Question 11

Pluripotent cell

Answer 11

“many potential” any adult tissue (not placental)

Question 12

Multipotent cell

Answer 12

Stem cell capable of self-renewal, but committed to forming a “lineage” of tissue

Question 13

Differentiated cell

Answer 13

Committed to a single, specialized function in the body; limited capacity to reproduce itself (dead end)

Question 14

Bone marrow transplants are…

Answer 14

Stem cell transplants

Bone marrow is lethally irradiated (leukemia patients)

Question 15

3 types of stem cells with therapeutic potential

Answer 15

1. Adult stem cells
2. Embryonic stem cells
3. Reprogrammed adult cells

Question 16

Adult stem cells

Answer 16

MULTIPOTENT, undifferentiated cells that are capable of self renewal, don’t yet know how to identify and isolate them

Question 17

Embryonic stem cells

Answer 17

Totipotent and pluripotent cells, easy to expand and grow but are controversial

Question 18

Alternatives to ES cells

Answer 18

Possibly could use umbilical cords to extract pluripotent stem cells

Question 19

Reprogrammed adult cells (types)

Answer 19

Somatic cell nuclear transfer and iPS cells

Question 20

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Answer 20

Used to make ES cells, same technique used to clone Dolly the sheep, involves transferring an adult cell’s nucleus into an oocyte that has had its DNA removed

Question 21

Steps of somatic cell nuclear transfer

Answer 21

Electric shock starts division, develops into an embryo, derive embryonic stem cells, grow new organ or clone

Question 22

iPS

Answer 22

Induced pluripotent stem cells, took differentiated adult cells and introduced 4 proteins, differentiated adult stem cells were reprogrammed back to embryonic stem cell state

Question 23

Who was the man responsible for iPS and when?

Answer 23

Shinya Yamanaka 2006

Question 24

What are 4 big issues with creating new organs?

Answer 24

1) Directing differentiating process is extremely challenging
2) Building an organ…
3) Host rejection (not iPS)
4) Moral issues((not iPS)