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Advanced Anatomy > 1.4 Cell Physiology > Flashcards

1.4 Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells can release hormones that affect the parameter?

A

Only cells that monitor the parameter (ex: body temp, blood glucose, blood salinity)

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2
Q

What must cells have to react to hormonal signals?

A

Correct hormone receptors

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3
Q

Conceptual framework for Endocrine Control Systems

A

Sensor cells –> Integrator cells –> Effector cells–> Physiological parameter normalized

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4
Q

Sensor cells

A

Assess parameter

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5
Q

Integrator cells

A

Hi / lo?

Send out the messengers…

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6
Q

Effector Cells

A

Target tissue function altered

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7
Q

What do TRH neurons do?

A

Sense low body temp w/ thermoreceptors

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8
Q

What does TRH do?

A

Causes TSH and Thyroid (T3, T4) hormones to be released which increases metabolism to release heat

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9
Q

What do TRH neurons do if a high temp is sensed?

A

Suppress TRH

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10
Q

What are the 3 ways to stimulate or inhibit hormone release?

A

Hormonal stimulation
Humoral stimulation
Nervous system stimulation

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11
Q

Hormonal stimulation

A

Release of a hormone in response to another hormone (ex: TSH and TH)

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12
Q

Humoral Stimulation

A

Release of a hormone in response to changes in level of nutrients or ions in the blood (ex: blood glucose levels and insulin)

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13
Q

Nervous system stimulation

A

Release of a hormone in response to stimulation by the nervous system (ex: epinephrine and norepinephrine)

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14
Q

How are hormones typically turned off?

A

Downregulating / removing a stimulator

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15
Q

inhibition of hormone release by negative feedback on the stimulators occurs on what levels?

A

ALL possible anatomic levels

  • Primary (gland releasing the effector hormone)
  • Secondary (first order stimulating gland / hormone)
  • Tertiary ( Second order stimulating gland / hormone)
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16
Q

What are two major types of cellular communication?

A

Intercellular and intracellular

17
Q

Is endocrinology just about blood-bourns hormones?

A

No, it is a broadly applied term for any cell to cell or within cell communication outside the nervous system

18
Q

Intercellular messengers

A

“Cell to cell”; between cells and between tissues.. hormones, growth factors, cytokines carried by blood and interstitial fluid

19
Q

Intracellular messengers

A

“Within cell,” signal transduction within a single cell, all within the confines of the plasma membrane

20
Q

3 modes of intercellular communication

A

Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine

21
Q

Endocrine

A

Circulates via bloodstream, messenger “hormones”

22
Q

Paracrine

A

Diffuses locally to target cells

23
Q

Autocrine

A

Affects cell that releases it

24
Q

What are autocrine and paracrine messengers usually called?

A

Growth factors

25
Q

Another term for intracellular communication

A

Cell signaling pathways

26
Q

2 modes of intracellular communication

A

1) Lipid soluble hormones

2) Water soluble hormones

27
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

A
  • Diffuse through plasma membrane into the CYTOPLASM

- Interact with specific hormone receptor proteins inside the cell

28
Q

What are two main groups / hormones that are lipid soluble?

A

Steroids and thyroid hormones

29
Q

Process of estrogen and estrogen receptor

A
  • ER binds to E, ER+E complex changes configuration to reveal a nuclear localization signal and shuttles to nucleus
  • ER + E complex behaves as a transcription factor… Find specific ERE DNA sequences to turn on
30
Q

Water soluble Hormones

A
  • Insoluble in membranes, must bind extracellular domain of hormone receptors embedded in plasma membrane
  • Hormone receptors activate signal transduction pathway
31
Q

What do signal transduction pathways rely on

A

All rely on second messenger molecules or enzymes within the cell

32
Q

Protein Kinase A (PKA) Pathway

A
  • Activated G protein causes activation of adenylate cyclase
  • Adenylate cyclase converts ATP molecules to cAMP
  • cAMP serves as “second messenger” by activating protein kinase A
33
Q

ADH is what kind of hormone?

A

Water soluble, peptide hormone

34
Q

LOOK AT ADH & PKC PATHWAY

A

SLIDES 16 17 18

35
Q

What does a PKA do?

A

It is a kinase that adds phosphate groups to activate proteins

36
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostatic control center of the brain

Advanced Anatomy (8 decks)

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