Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

002 - Neurobiology (part II) > (15) Cerebellum > Flashcards

(15) Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

(location)

  1. the term cerebellum literally means what?
  2. Cerebellum is located where relative to brain-stem?
  3. Connected to the brainstem by how many pairs of cerebellar peduncles?
A
  1. little brain
  2. dorsal
  3. three
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

(Functions)

1-3. What are the three major functions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Coordiation of Movement (the cerebellum controls the timing and pattern of muscle activation during movement)
  2. Maintenance of Equilibrium (in conjunction with the vestibular system)
  3. Regulation of muscle tone (modulates spinal cord and brain stem mechanims involved in postural control)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

(Dysfunction)

1-4. Damage to the cerebellum results in what four things?

A
  1. Ataxia
  2. Dysmetria
  3. Intention Tremor
  4. Vestibular Signs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

(dysfunction)

  1. What is ataxia? characterized by what?
A
  1. disturbance that alters the direction and extent of voluntary movements; abnormal gait and uncoordinated muscle movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(dysfunction)

  1. What is dysmetria? limbs are lifted too high or not high enough?
A
  1. altered range of motion (misjudge distance); either
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

(dysfunction)

  1. What is an intention tremor?
A
  1. osciallation motion, esp of the head, during movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(dysfunction)

  1. what are vestibular signs?
A
  1. nystagmus, head tilt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(Gross Anatomical Organization)

  1. Internal organization of cerebellum similar to what?

(name that section)

  1. surface grey matter; divided by what into what?
  2. internal
  3. three pairs located in the white matter; name them from medial to lateral
A
  1. cerebral hemisphere
  2. cerebellar cortex; sulci into folia (small folds)
  3. white matter
  4. cerebellar nuclei; fastigial, interpositus, and dentate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(gross anatomical organization)

  1. How many cerebellar lobes?

2-4. name them

A
  1. 3
  2. rostral lobe
  3. caudal lobe
  4. flocculonodular lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

(cerebellar lobes)

  1. Rostral lobe = ?
  2. related to what? assocatied with what?
  3. Damage results in what?
A
  1. spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum)
  2. spinal cord; postural tone
  3. forelimb hyperextension and hindlimb hip flexion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

(cerebellar lobes)

  1. Caudal Lobe = ?

2-4. Damage results in what 3 things?

A
  1. cerebrocerebellum (neocerebellum)
  2. hypotonia (reduced muscle tone)
  3. hypermetria (ataxia where movements overreach)
  4. intention tremor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

(cerebellar lobes)

  1. Flocculonodular Lobe = ?
  2. Associated with what?
  3. involved in what?
  4. Damage results in what three things?
A
  1. vestibulocerebellum
  2. vestibular system
  3. control of eyes movements and balance
  4. dysequilibrium, wide-based gait, and nystagmus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(gross anatomical organization)

(Longitudinal Zones)

There are three

1-3. name them

A
  1. Vermis
  2. Paravermis
  3. Hemispheres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(gross anatomical organization)

(Longitudinal Zones)

  1. The most medial portion of the cerebellum
  2. associated with what nucleus?
  3. concerned with what?
A
  1. vermis
  2. fastigial nucleus
  3. regulation of muscle tone for posture and locomotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

(gross anatomical organization)

(Longitudinal Zones)

  1. intermediate part of the cerebellum
  2. Associated with what underlying nucleus
  3. participates in control of what by utilizing what generated by what to correct what?
A
  1. paravermis
  2. interpositus nucleus
  3. an evolving movement by utilizing proprioceptive sensory info generated by the movement itself to correct errors in movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

(gross anatomical organization)

(Longitudinal Zones)

  1. The largest and most lateral part of the cerebellum
  2. Associated with what nucleus
  3. Influences the output of what that permits what that are important for what?
A
  1. Hemispheres
  2. dentate nucleus
  3. Influences the output of the motor cortex and thus permits fine, delicate adjustments in muscle tone that are important for skilled movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

(gross anatomical organization)

(cerebellar peduncles)

  1. Names by what?

2-4. Name them

A
  1. position
  2. Caudal Cerebellar Peduncle
  3. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
  4. Rostral Cerebellar Peduncle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

(gross anatomical organization)

(cerebellar peduncles)

  1. Connects the cerebellum with the medulla
  2. Contains what fiber typs?
A
  1. caudal cerebellar peduncle
  2. afferent and efferent fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

(gross anatomical organization)

  1. connects cerebellum with the pons
  2. what types of fibers? arising from where and terminating where?

(cerebellar peduncles)

A
  1. middle cerebellar peduncle
  2. entirely afferent fibers (axons); arise from pontine nuclei; terminate in cerebellum
20
Q

(gross anatomical organization)

  1. Connects the cerebellum with the midbrain
  2. Primarily a what type of fiber bundle
  3. carrying axons out of where to other brain regions

(cerebellar peduncles)

A
  1. Rostral cerebellar peduncle
  2. efferent fiber bundle
  3. out of the cerebellum
21
Q

(gross anatomical organization)

  1. Cerebellar cortex = ?
  2. How many layers?

3-5. name them

(cerebellar cortex)

A
  1. the surface gray matter of the cerebellum,
  2. three
  3. molecular layer
  4. purkinje cell layer
  5. granule cell layer
22
Q

(gross anatomical organization)

  1. the most superficial layer

2-3. consists of what two things?

(cerebellar cortex)

A
  1. molecular layer
  2. axons of granule cells (termed parallel fibers)
  3. dendritic processes of purkinje cells
23
Q

(gross anatomical organization)

  1. the middle layer of the cortex
  2. consisting of what?

(cerebellar cortex)

A
  1. purkinje cell layer
  2. single layer of large nueronal cell bodies (termed purkinje cells)
24
Q

(gross anatomical organization)

  1. the deepest layer of the cerebellar cortex
  2. found adjacent to what?
  3. consists predominantly of what called what?

(cerebellar cortex)

A
  1. granule cell layer
  2. white matter
  3. small neurons called granule cells
25
Q

(cell types and afferent fibers of the cerebellar cortex)

(name that cell type)

  1. the only output neurons from the cortex. utilize what as an inhibitory NT? inhibit neurons where?
A
  1. Purkinje Cells; GABA; deep in the cerebellar nuclei
26
Q

(cell types and afferent fibers of the cerebellar cortex)

(name that cell type)

  1. intrinsic cells of the cerebellar cortex
  2. utilize what as an excitatroy NT
  3. excite what via what?
A
  1. granule cells
  2. glutamate
  3. Purkinje cells via parallel fibers
27
Q

(cell types and afferent fibers of the cerebellar cortex)

(name that cell type)

  1. inhibitiory interneurons
  2. utilize what to inhibit purkinje cells?
A
  1. basket cells
  2. GABA
28
Q

(cell types and afferent fibers of the cerebellar cortex)

(name that cell type)

  1. arise from the olivary nucleus and terminate on purkinje cells
  2. thought to use what two things as excitatory transmitters?
A
  1. climbing fibers
  2. glutamate and aspartate
29
Q

(cell types and afferent fibers of the cerebellar cortex)

(name that cell type)

  1. Fibers thatn enter the cerebellum from all other sources
  2. except what?
  3. synapse on what to excite them?
A
  1. mossy fibers; ollivary nucleus
  2. olivary nucleus (spinal cord, pontine nuclei)
  3. granule cells
30
Q

(Major Cerebellar Inputs (axons entering the cerebellum)

  1. what are the two types?
A
  1. climbing fiber inputs and mossy fiber inputs
31
Q

(Major Cerebellar Inputs (axons entering the cerebellum)

  1. Climbing fiber inputes = ?
  2. Arise exclusively from what?
  3. Have a powerful excitatory effect on what?
A
  1. olivocerebellar fibers
  2. the olivary nucleus of the caudal medulla
  3. the purkinje cells on which they synapse
32
Q

(Major Cerebellar Inputs (axons entering the cerebellum)

(Mossy Fiber inputs)

There are three types

1-3. name them

A
  1. vestibulocerebellar fibers
  2. spinocerebellar fibers
  3. cerebropontocerebellar fibers
33
Q

(Major Cerebellar Inputs (axons entering the cerebellum)

(Mossy Fiber inputs)

  1. These arise directly from the vestibular nerve and vestibular nuclei
  2. project primarily to where?
  3. helps coordinate what?
A
  1. vestibulocerebellar fibers
  2. flocculonodular lobe and fastigial nucleus
  3. head and eye movement
34
Q

(Major Cerebellar Inputs (axons entering the cerebellum)

(Mossy Fiber inputs)

  1. arise from the spinal cord
  2. travel to cerebellum via what?
  3. terminate predominantly where?
  4. Makes cerebellum aware of what via what
A
  1. spinocerebellar fibers
  2. spinocerebellar and ventral spinocerebellar tracts
  3. in the rostral lobe
  4. aware of ongoing movements via proprioceptive input from muscle spindles and joint receptors
35
Q

(Major Cerebellar Inputs (axons entering the cerebellum)

(Mossy Fiber inputs)

  1. Arise from pyriamidal cells in the cerebral cortex
  2. synapse where? which then send their axons where via what (which form what)?
  3. Serves what function?
A
  1. cerebropontocerebellar fibers
  2. in the pontine nuclei; the contralateral cortex via pon- tocerebellar fibers (the middle cerebellar peduncle)
  3. alerts the cerebellum about anticipated movement
36
Q

(KEY CONCEPT)

  1. The cerebellum must monitor ongoing movements in order to correct what?

2-4. It receives input from what three places?

A
  1. erros in movement
  2. from proprioreceptors that relay info via the spinal cord (spinocerebellar tracts)
  3. semicircular canals and utricle and saccule of the inner ear (vestibulospinal fibers) - (provide info related to body or head movement)
  4. cerebral cortex (cerebropontocerebellar fibers) and red nucleus to determine what the trajectory related to thwat the ongoing movement should be.
37
Q

(Major cerebellar outputs (arise from neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei)

There are three types

1-3. name them

A
  1. fastigial nucleus projections
  2. interpositus nucleus projections
  3. dentate nucleus projections
38
Q

(major cerebellar outputs (arise from neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei))

  1. go to vestibular nuclei and reticular formation
  2. via vestibulospinal and reticulo-spinal tracts, the projections ultimately influence what related to what?
A
  1. fastigial nucleus projections (via caudal peduncle)
  2. primarily extensor muslces related to maintaining posture and balance
39
Q

(major cerebellar outputs (arise from neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei))

  1. go to red nucleus to influence rubrospinal tract activity
  2. projections make corrections related to what?
A
  1. interpositus nucleus projections (via rostral peduncle)
  2. related to gross movements of the animal
40
Q

(major cerebellar outputs (arise from neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei))

  1. go to thalamus to influence output from the motor cortex
  2. projections make delicate adjustments related to what?
A
  1. dentate nucleus projections (via rostral peduncle)
  2. fine, skilled movements
41
Q

(clinical abnormalities)

  1. The most salient symptoms of the cerebellar dysfunction are what related?

Lesions of the cerebellum (i.e., damage to cerebellar input, cerebellar output, or cerebellar cortex) result in symptoms that occur because the cerebellum’s normal function is interrupted. Thus ataxia, dysmetria, and intention tremor are the result of interference with the cerebellums normal role in the coordination of movement and in the maintenance of equilibrium and appropriate muscle tone.

  1. In general, damage to the midline portion may disrupt what?
  2. whereas damage localized more laterally is more likely to disrupt what?
A
  1. motor related (the specific symptoms depend on which part of the cerebellum is involved and how it is disrupted)
  2. whole-body movements
  3. fine movements of the paws or limbs (more skilled movements)
42
Q

(clinical abnormalities)

  1. cerebellar disorders usually result from what five things?
A
  1. tumors
  2. viral infections (encephalitis; canine distemper) may occur in utero
  3. heavy metal poisoning
  4. genetic orders
  5. trauma
43
Q

(clinical abnormalities)

(lesions or damage)

  1. Can small lesions produce no signs or only transient signs? Why is this?
A
  1. yes; relatively large margin of physiologic safety built into the system (small deficits often be compensated for by other parts of brain)
44
Q

(clinical abnormalities)

(lesions or damage)

  1. Lesions of cerebellar hemispheres result in what?
  2. on what side
A
  1. loss of muscular coordination and jerky puppet like movments of the limbs (dysmetria) on
  2. ipsilateral side (same side as lesion)
45
Q

(clinical abnormalities)

(lesions or damage)

  1. Lesions of the cerebellar vermis result in what?
A
  1. truncal termor and gait ataxia (a splayed stance and swaying of the body while walking)
46
Q

(clinical abnormalities)

(lesions or damage)

  1. Lesions of the flocculonodular lobe (vestibule cerebellum) result in what?
  2. As you might expect these symptoms are similar to what you would observe with damage to what?
  3. When you see animals in the clinic that exhibit ataxia, dysmetria, intention tremor and/or vestibular signs, you should consider what?
A
  1. nystagmus, head tilt, tight circling, and falling
  2. the vestibular system
  3. cerebellar damage as a major contributor to the symptoms you observe

002 - Neurobiology (part II) (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions