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as biology (sme) > 1.5 (biological molecules) > Flashcards

1.5 (biological molecules) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acid

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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2
Q

DNA and RNA are both needed to

A
  • build proteins
  • which are essential for the proper functioning of cells
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3
Q

the function of DNA is to

A

hold or store genetic information

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4
Q

DNA is the molecule that contains

A

the instructions for the growth and development of all organisms

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5
Q

the function of RNA is to

A
  • transfer the genetic code found in DNA out of the nucleus
  • and carry it to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
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6
Q

ribosomes are where

A
  • proteins are produced
  • they ‘read’ the RNA to make polypeptides (proteins) in a process known as translation
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7
Q

both DNA and RNA are

A

polymers

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8
Q

both DNA and RNA are polymers that are made up of many

A

repeating units called nucleotides

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9
Q

each nucleotide is formed from

A
  • a pentose sugar (a sugar with 5 carbon atoms)
  • a nitrogen-containing (nitrogenous) organic base
  • a phosphate group
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10
Q

the components of a DNA nucleotide are

A
  • a deoxyribose sugar with hydrogen at the 2’ position
  • a phosphate group
  • one of four nitrogenous bases - adenine (A), cytosine(C), guanine(G) or thymine(T)
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11
Q

the components of an RNA nucleotide are

A
  • a ribose sugar with a hydroxyl (OH) group at the 2’ position
  • a phosphate group
  • one of four nitrogenous bases - adenine (A), cytosine(C), guanine(G) or uracil (U)
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12
Q

the presence of the 2’ hydroxyl group makes RNA more

A

susceptible to hydrolysis

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13
Q

makes RNA more susceptible to hydrolysis

A

the presence of the 2’ hydroxyl group

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14
Q

the presence of the 2’ hydroxyl group makes RNA more susceptible to hydrolysis, this is why DNA is the

A
  • storage molecule
  • and RNA is the transport molecule with a shorter molecular lifespan
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15
Q

DNA nucleotide diagram

A
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16
Q

RNA nucleotide diagram

A
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17
Q

the nitrogenous base molecules that are found in the nucleotides of DNA are

A

A, T, C, G

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18
Q

the nitrogenous base molecules that are found in the nucleotides of RNA are

A

A, U, C, G

19
Q

the nitrogenous base molecules that are found in the nucleotides of DNA (A, T, C, G) and RNA (A, U, C, G) occur in two structural forms which are

A
  • purines
  • pyrimidines
20
Q

the bases adenine and guanine are

A

purines

20
Q

what is the structure of purines

A

double ring structure

21
Q

the bases cytosine, thymine and uracil are

A

pyrimidines

22
Q

what is the structure of pyrimidines

A

single ring structure

23
Q

which bases are purines

A
  • adenine
  • guanine
24
Q

which bases are pyrimidines

A
  • cytosine
  • thymine
  • uracil
25
Q

phosphate group diagram

A
26
Q

the two types of pentose sugar diagram

A
27
Q

the two structural forms of nitrogenous base diagram

A
28
Q

what is the pentose sugar of the DNA nucleotide

A

deoxyribose

29
Q

what is the pentose sugar of the RNA nucleotide

A

ribose

30
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases of the DNA nucleotide

A
  • adenine
  • thymine
  • cytosine
  • guanine
31
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases of the RNA nucleotide

A
  • adenine
  • uracil
  • cytosine
  • guanine
32
Q

DNA and RNA are polymers (polynucleotides), meaning that they are made up of many nucleotides joined together in

A

long chains

33
Q

separate nucleotides are joined via

A

condensation reactions

34
Q

these condensation reactions occur between the

A
  • phosphate group of one nucleotide
  • and the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide
35
Q

a condensation reaction between two nucleotides forms a

A

phosphodiester bond

36
Q

it is called a phosphodiester bond because it consists of a

A
  • phosphate group
  • and two ester bonds (phosphate with double bond oxygen attached - oxygen - carbon)
37
Q

the chain of alternating phosphate groups and pentose sugars produced as a result of many phosphodiester bonds is known as the

A

sugar-phosphate backbone (of the DNA or RNA molecule)

38
Q

a section of a single polynucleotide strand showing a phosphodiester bond diagram

A
39
Q

DNA molecules are made up of two polynucleotide strands lying side by side, running in opposite directions – the strands are said to be

A

antiparallel

40
Q

each DNA polynucleotide strand is made up of alternating

A

deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups

41
Q

each DNA polynucleotide strand is made up of alternating deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups bonded together to form the

A

sugar-phosphate backbone

42
Q
A

as biology (sme) (8 decks)

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