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1.1 (biological molecules) Flashcards

carbohydrates

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1
Q

the key molecules that are required to build structures that enable organisms to function are

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
  • water
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2
Q

monomers are the

A

smaller units from which larger molecules are made

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3
Q

polymers are molecules made from a large number of

A

monomers joined together in a chain

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4
Q

name four macromolecules

A
  • lipid
  • nucleic acid
  • protein
  • carbohydrate
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5
Q

lipids are not

A

polymers

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6
Q

what is the polymer of nucleic acid

A

DNA

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7
Q

what is the polymer of protein

A

polypeptide

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8
Q

what is the polymer of carbohydrates

A

polysaccharide

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9
Q

what is the monomer of nucleic acid

A

nucleotide

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10
Q

what is the monomer of proteins

A

amino acid

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11
Q

what is the monomer of carbohydrate

A

monosaccharide (single unit of sugar)

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12
Q

what does a lipid have instead of polymers

A
  • a triglyceride ester
  • derived from glycerol and three fatty acids
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13
Q

what are the components of a triglyceride

A
  • glycerol head
  • fatty acid tails
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14
Q

what are the components of a nucleotide

A
  • phosphate head
  • pentose sugar
  • nitrogenouse base
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15
Q

what elements do lipids contain

A

C H O

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16
Q

what elements do proteins contain

A

C H O N

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17
Q

what elements do carbohydrates contain

A

C H O

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18
Q

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids contain what elements making them organic compounds

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
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19
Q

carbon atoms are key to the organic compounds because each carbon atom can form

A

four covalent bonds

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20
Q

carbon atoms are key to the organic compounds because they can form covalent bonds with

A

oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

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21
Q

carbon atoms are key to the organic compounds because they can bond to form

A
  • straight chains
  • branched chains
  • rings
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22
Q

carbon compounds can form small single subunits (monomers) that bond with many repeating subunits to form large molecules (polymers) by a process called

A

polymerisation

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23
Q

macromolecules are very large molecules that contain 1000 or more atoms therefore having a high

A

molecular mass

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24
Q

the three types of carbohydrates are

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
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25
Q

what bond are carbohydrates joined by

A

glycosidic

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26
Q

monosaccharide definition

A

simple sugar monomer (all are reducing sugars)

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27
Q

disaccharide definition

A
  • a sugar formed from two monosaccharides
  • joined by a glycosidic bond
  • in a condensation reaction
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28
Q

polysaccharide definition

A
  • a polymer formed by many monosaccharides
  • joined by a glycosidic bond
  • in a condensation reaction
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29
Q

give three examples of a monosaccharide

A
  • glyceraldehyde (3C)
  • ribose (5C)
  • glucose (6C)
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30
Q

give three examples of a disaccharide

A
  • maltose
  • sucrose
  • lactose
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31
Q

what are the monosaccharides of maltose

A
  • alpha glucose
  • alpha glucose
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32
Q

what are the monosaccharides of sucrose

A
  • alpha glucose
  • fructose
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33
Q

what are the monosaccharides of lactose

A
  • alpha glucose
  • beta galactose
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34
Q

give three examples of a polysaccharide

A
  • cellulose
  • starch
  • glycogen
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35
Q

what are the monosaccharides of cellulose

A

beta glucose

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36
Q

what are the monosaccharides of starch

A
  • alpha glucose
  • (in the form of amylose and amylopectin)
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37
Q

what can the monosaccharide units of starch be in the form of

A
  • amylose
  • amylopectin
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38
Q

what are the monosaccharides of glycogen

A

alpha glucose

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39
Q

what are the two functions of a monosaccharide

A
  • source of energy in respiration
  • building blocks for polymers
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40
Q

what is the function of maltose

A

sugar found in germinating seeds

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41
Q

what is the function of sucrose

A

sugar stored in sugar cane

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42
Q

what is the function of lactose

A

mammal milk sugar

43
Q

what are the two function of polysaccharides

A
  • energy storage (plants: starch + animals: glycogen)
  • structural (cell wall)
44
Q

what is the energy storage polysaccharide of plants

A

starch

45
Q

what is the energy storage polysaccharide of animals

A

glycogen

46
Q

a covalent bond is

A

the sharing of two or more electrons between two atoms

47
Q

in a covalent bond the electrons can be shared equally forming a what covalent bond

A

nonpolar

48
Q

in a covalent bond the electrons can be shared unequally (where an atom can be more electronegative δ-) to form a what covalent bond

A

polar

49
Q

covalent bonds are very stable as

A

high energies are required to break the bonds

50
Q

if more monomers are added to a covalent bond between them, then what occurs

A
  • polymerisation
  • and / or a macromolecule forms
51
Q

a condensation reaction occurs when

A
  • monomers combine together by covalent bonds to form polymers (polymerisation) or macromolecules (lipids)
  • and water is removed
52
Q

in the hydrolysis of polymers

A

covalent bonds are broken when water is added

53
Q

what is the covalent bond between proteins

A

peptide

54
Q

what is the covalent bond between lipids

A

ester

55
Q

what is the covalent bond between nucleic acids

A

phosphodiester

56
Q

sugars can be classified as

A

reducing or non-reducing

57
Q

sugars being classified as reducing or non reducing is depedant on

A

their ability to donate electrons

58
Q

reducing sugars can donate

A
  • electrons
  • the carbonyl group becomes oxidised, the sugars become the reducing agent
  • thus reducing sugars can be detected using Benedict’s test as they reduce the soluble copper sulphate to insoluble brick-red copper oxide
59
Q

give three examples of reducing sugars

A
  • glucose, fructose and galactose
  • (the presence of the aldehyde group makes them undergo oxidation readily to form carboxylic acid and in the process the reactive reagents are reduced easily)
60
Q

glucose has the molecular formula

A

C6H12O6

61
Q

in what two structurally different forms does glucose exist in

A
  • alpha (α) glucose
  • beta (β) glucose
62
Q

glucose exists in two structurally different forms and is therefore known as an

A

an isomer (each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties)

63
Q

when in aqueous solutions glucose forms a what structure

A

ring structure

64
Q

alpha glucose ring structure diagram

A
65
Q

beta glucose ring structure

A
66
Q

to make monosaccharides more suitable for transport, storage and to have less influence on a cells osmolarity, they are bonded together to form

A

disaccharides and polysaccharides

67
Q

disaccharides and polysaccharides are formed when two what groups interact to form a strong covalent bond called the glycosidic bond (the oxygen link that holds the two molecules together)

A

hydroxyl (-OH) (on different saccharides)

68
Q

every glycosidic bond results in one what molecule being removed

A
  • water
  • thus glycosidic bonds are formed by condensation
69
Q

what type of glycosidic bond is in maltose

A

alpha 1,4

70
Q

what type of glycosidic bond is in sucrose

A

alpha 1,2

71
Q

what type of glycosidic bond is in cellulose

A

beta 1,4

72
Q

what type of glycosidic bond is in amylose

A

alpha 1,4

73
Q

what type of glycosidic bond is in amylopectin

A
  • alpha 1,4
  • alpha 1,6
74
Q

the glycosidic bond is broken when water is added in a what reaction

A

hydrolysis

75
Q

give two examples of hydrolytic reactions

A
  • the digestion of food in the alimentary tract
  • the breakdown of stored carbohydrates in muscle and liver cells for use in cellular respiration
76
Q

a molecule of what is released during a condensation reaction

A

water

77
Q

starch and glycogen are

A

polysaccharides

78
Q

polysaccharide chains can bein what four structural forms

A
  • branched
  • unbranched
  • folded (making the molecule compact which is ideal for storage eg. starch and glycogen)
  • straight (making the molecules suitable to construct cellular structures e.g. cellulose)
  • or coiled
79
Q

why are folded chains good for a molecule

A
  • compact
  • ideal for storage
  • starch and glycogen
80
Q

what are straight chains good for a molecule

A
  • suitable to construct cellular structures
  • cellulose
81
Q

starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides because they are

A
  • compact (so large quantities can be stored)
  • insoluble (so will have no osmotic effect)
82
Q

starch is the storage polysaccharide of

A
  • plants
  • stored as granules in plastids (e.g. chloroplasts)
83
Q

starch is constructed from which two different polysaccharides

A
  • amylose
  • amylopectin
84
Q

glycogen is the storage polysaccharide of

A
  • animals
  • fungi
85
Q

glycogen is highly

A

branched

86
Q

glycogen is not

A

coiled

87
Q

glycogen is more branched than amylopectin making it more

A
  • compact
  • helps animals to store more
88
Q

the branching of glycogen enables more free ends where glucose molecules can either be

A
  • added or removed
  • allowing for condensation and hydrolysis reactions to occur more rapidly – thus the storage or release of glucose can suit the demands of the cell
89
Q

what are the monosaccharides of amylose, amylopectin and glycogen

A

alpha glucose

90
Q

is amylose or amylopectin branched

A

amylopectin

91
Q

is amylose or amylopectin a helix (coiled)

A

amylose

92
Q

what are the glycosidic bonds present in amylose

A

1,4

93
Q

what are the glycosidic bonds present in amylopectin

A
  • 1,4
  • 1,6
94
Q

what are the glycosidic bonds present in glycogen

A
  • 1,4
  • 1,6
95
Q

cellulose is a

A

polysaccharide

96
Q

polysaccharides are insoluble in

A

water

97
Q

cellulose is is a polymer consisting of

A
  • long chains of β-glucose
  • joined together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
98
Q

what gives cellulose strength

A
  • many hydrogen bonds
  • found between the parallel chains of microfibrils
99
Q

what is lignin found in

A

the cell wall of plants

100
Q

the cellulose fibres and other molecules (eg. lignin) found in the cell wall form a

A
  • matrix
  • which increases the strength of the cell walls
  • provides support
101
Q

cellulose fibres are what which allows water and solutes to leave or reach the cell surface membrane

A

freely permeable

102
Q

as few organisms have the enzyme (cellulase) to hydrolyse cellulose it is a source of

A

fibre

103
Q

a condensation reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which

A

two molecules are combined to form a single molecule

as biology (sme) (8 decks)

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