15 Flashcards
Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes
Type1:
- body doesn’t make enough insulin
- cause by immune system Rxn
- starts in childhood
- symptoms come on quickly
Type2:
- body doesn’t respond to insulin
- lifestyle factors and genetics contribute
- more common in middle ages
- symptoms develop slowly
- managed with drugs and lifestyle changes
Hyperglycaemia effects the eyes how?
one example:
Diabetic Retinopathy:
Chronic high blood sugar can damage the blood vessels in the retina, leading to diabetic retinopathy.
Hyperglycemia Effects in Kidneys?
Hyperglycemia can damage the kidneys over time, leading to diabetic nephropathy.
This condition impairs the kidneys’ ability to filter waste from the blood, potentially causing kidney failure if untreated.
Albuminuria/Proteinuria
refers to the presence of excess protein, (albumin) in the urine. It is often an early sign of kidney damage, particularly in conditions like diabetic nephropathy.
Role of Albumin?
-maintains bloodstream
-made in liver
-water soluble, transports other proteins in blood, cations, etc.
-regulates blood volume by controlling Oncotic Pressure
Oncotic pressure Role?
Oncotic pressure plays a crucial role in maintaining proper fluid balance within the body.
It prevents fluid from leaking out of the blood vessels and accumulating in the tissues, which can lead to edema (swelling).
What do Snail and Slug Proteins Do?
Snail inhibits nephrin
s&s also promote EMT
what is nephrin?
Nephrin is a protein found in the kidneys, specifically in the glomeruli (the filtering units).
Nephrin ensures that only waste and small molecules pass through the kidney filters, while keeping essential proteins in the bloodstream.
what is the GBM?
The GBM (Glomerular Basement Membrane)
the GBM is a thin layer of extracellular matrix in the kidneys that helps support the glomeruli and acts as a filtration barrier.
It prevents large molecules, like proteins, from passing into the urine while allowing waste and small molecules to filter through.
Oncotic Pressure is lost as —— enters urine?
albumin
What ions are required for Cadherin adhesion?
ca2+
What is the relationship b/n Snail and Cadherin?
Snail is a transcription factor that represses the expression of E-cadherin (a type of cadherin). During processes like epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
What binds to the cytoplasmic tail of Cadherins?
The cytoplasmic tail of cadherins binds to catenins, such as β-catenin, and
These proteins connect cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton, helping maintain the structural integrity of cell junctions.
