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psych > 15/16: Mental Health and Clinical Psych > Flashcards

15/16: Mental Health and Clinical Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

what is abnormal psychology

A

psychological study of mental illness

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2
Q

what is maladaptive behaviour?

A

cause distress/harm to oneself/others, impair day-to-day functioning

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3
Q

what is a disorder according to the APA

A

Syndrome characterised by significant disturbances in cognition/emotional regulation/behaviour that reflects dysfunction in the psychological/biological/developmental processes underlying mental function

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4
Q

what is the medical model

A

sees psychological conditions through the same lens as Western medicine tends to see physical conditions (a set of symptoms, cause, and outcomes)

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5
Q

what were most mental disorders classified as back in the day

A

mania or melancholia

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6
Q

what is psychosis

A

when an individual has difficulties distinguishing between what is real and what is imagined

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7
Q

who was able to see which symptoms occur together, and tell which disorders were curable and which would get worse over time

A

Emil Kraepelin

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8
Q

an example of non emotional psychosis

A

schizophrenia

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9
Q

an example of emotional psychosis

A

bipolar disorder

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10
Q

what are culture bound symptoms

A

expressions of distress that are recognized across a given culture but that tend not to appear outside of that culture

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11
Q

when was the DSM created

A

after WWII

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12
Q

critiques of diagnosing with the DSM

A

subjective, unclear border between normal and abnormal, border between different illnesses is unclear, labels impact people

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13
Q

what do labels cause

A

misperception and stigma

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14
Q

what is an anxiety disorder

A

a permanent and irrational fear that typically causes people to avoid certain situations/people/objects

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15
Q

what is general anxiety disorder

A

Apprehension and agitation persistent and uncontrollable, Inability to identify causes, Activation of ANS

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16
Q

what is panic disorder

A

marked by occasional episodes of sudden, very intense fear

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17
Q

what are panic attacks

A

brief moments of extreme anxiety that include a rush of physical activity paired with frightened thoughts

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18
Q

what is agoraphobia

A

intense fear of having panic attacks in public

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19
Q

what is social anxiety disorder

A

a very strong fear of being judged by others or being embarrassed in public

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20
Q

what are obsessions (OCD)

A

intense, unwanted worries, ideas, and images that repeatedly pop up in the mind

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21
Q

what are compulsions (OCD)

A

a repeatedly strong feeling of “needing” to carry out an action

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22
Q

OCD shows abnormal activity where in the brain

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (involved with attentional control/problem solving) and the frontal-lobe area (involved in attention and emotion)

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23
Q

anxiety disorders show a neurotransmitter inabalance of what

A

GABA

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24
Q

how can classical conditioning explain anxiety disorders

A

Little Albert

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25
Q

how can operant conditioning explain anxiety disorders

A

negative reinforcement motivating anxious-avoidant responses

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26
Q

what are depressive disorders

A

A disturbance of the person’s mood is assumed to be the underlying cause

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27
Q

what are characteristics of major depression

A

Depressed mood and loss of interest or pleasure

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28
Q

what neurotransmitter are effected by depression

A

Lowered norepinephrine and serotonin activity

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29
Q

what gene puts you at greater risk for depression

A

short version of 5-HTT gene

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30
Q

what is the diathesis stress model

A

interaction between a genetic predisposition for a disorder and life stress

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31
Q

what happens to the brain when you are depressed

A

The amygdala is overactive, leads to extra cortisol damaging cells in the hippocampus, reduces neurogenesis, underactive nucleus accumbens (related to positive rewards) and medial prefrontal cortex

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32
Q

what are psychological elements of depression

A

learned helplessness and negative thinking

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33
Q

what is bipolar disorder

A

Characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood (depression and mania)

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34
Q

what is mania characterized by (bipolar)

A

involves racing thoughts, impulsive/spontaneous decisions, high-risk behaviors, can be exhilarating, have very little concern for the potential consequences

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35
Q

what is depression characterized by (bipolar)

A

the risky behavior from the high comes at a cost, feeling a lot of remorse and embarrassment

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36
Q

what are substance use disorders

A

The need for obtaining a substance/its frequent use creates dysfunction

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37
Q

what happens in the brain during substance-use disorders

A

cross the blood-brain barrier, affect areas of the brain tied to the neurotransmitter dopamine

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38
Q

what is neuroadaptation

A

with time the brain adapts to the repeated presence of the substance, leading to greater tolerance

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39
Q

what does the opponent process theory do to people with substance-use disorders

A

Opponent process will start to change the body to adjust to the presence of the substance build tolerance. With repeated exposure, the first hedonic state will decrease in value, a higher dose is needed for the same experience

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40
Q

what is ADHD

A

A persistent pattern of inattention/hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development

41
Q

what are clinical psychologists

A

have PhD and able to formally diagnose and treat

42
Q

what are counselling psychologists

A

have master’s/PhD, mental health professional, manage stress and coping

43
Q

what are psychiatrists

A

medical doctors, diagnose, treat, and prescribe

44
Q

what are community psychologists

A

focuses on identifying how individuals’ mental health is influenced by the community in which they live

45
Q

what is biomedical therapy

A

the use of medications/other procedures acting on the body to reduce the symptoms of mental disorders

46
Q

what is psychotherapy

A

an interactive experience with a trained professional

47
Q

what are empirically supported treatments

A

treatments that have been tested/evaluated using scientific methods

48
Q

what is therapeutic alliance

A

the relationship that emerges in therapy between the therapist and the patient

49
Q

what is bibliotherapy

A

use of self-help books and other reading material as a form of therapy

50
Q

what is insight therapy

A

involves dialogue between patient and therapist for the purpose of gaining awareness and understanding of psychological problems and conflicts

51
Q

what is psychodynamic therapy

A

emphasize the need to discover and resolve unconscious conflicts

52
Q

what is free association

A

talk or write without censoring their thoughts in any way

53
Q

what is dream analysis

A

examining details of a dream in order to gain insight into the true meaning

54
Q

what is resistance

A

occurs when the patients tries to keep the unconscious thoughts from surfacing

55
Q

was is transference

A

patients direct certain patterns/emotional experiences towards the analyst (milestone)

56
Q

what is object relations therapy

A

focuses on how early childhood experiences and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning

57
Q

what is humanistic existential psychology

A

Emphasizes individual strength and the potential for growth, assuming that human nature is fundamentally positive

58
Q

what is the phenomenological approach

A

therapist addresses clients feelings and thoughts as they unfold in the present moment

59
Q

what is client centered therapy

A

focuses on individuals’ abilities to solve their own problems and reach their full potential with the encouragement of the therapist

60
Q

what is emotion focused therapy

A

it is better to face and accept difficult emotions and thoughts than to bottle them inside

61
Q

what are behavioral therapies

A

attempting to directly address problem behaviors and the environmental factors that trigger them (seek to recondition patients)

62
Q

what are psychotropic drugs

A

medication designed to alter psychological functioning

63
Q

what is the blood-brain barrier

A

network of tightly packed cells that allow only specific substances to move from the bloodstream to the brain in order to protect the delicate cells

64
Q

what are antidepressant drugs

A

medications designed to reduce symptoms of depression

65
Q

what are tricyclic antidepressants

A

drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

66
Q

what are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A

antidepressant that blocks serotonin reuptake

67
Q

what is the herbal treatment

A

St.John’s wort

68
Q

what are mood stabilizers

A

drugs to prevent/reduce severity of mood swings for people with bipolar

69
Q

what was the first mood stabilizer prescribed

A

lithium

70
Q

antianxiety drugs

A

affect the GABA activity

71
Q

what are antipsychotic drugs

A

used to treat psychosis (delusions, hallucinations, disturbed or disorganized thought)

72
Q

what is tardive dyskinesia

A

a movement disorder involving involuntary movements and facial tics

73
Q

what are atypical antipsychotics

A

second generation antipsychotics, produce less side effects

74
Q

what is psychopharmacotherapy

A

use of drugs to manage patients’ symptoms

75
Q

what is electroconvulsive therapy

A

induces a mild seizure that disrupts severe depression for some people

76
Q

what do behvaioral approaches focus on

A

focus is on changing the behavior, as opposed to cognitions (cause is rooted in the reinforcement of the behavior)

77
Q

what are cognitive approaches focused on

A

changing mental habits (cause is rooted in problematic thought patterns)

78
Q

what is counterconditinoing

A

Aims to create a positive response to an aversive stimuli

79
Q

what is systematic desensitization

A

beginning with a tiny reminder of the feared situation, keep increasing the exposure intensity as the person learns to tolerate the previous level

80
Q

what is flooding

A

patient goes straight to the most challenging part of the hierarchy

81
Q

how does operant conditioning work in therapies

A

Aim is to reinforce desired behaviors and NOT reinforce problematic behaviors

82
Q

what is the systems approach

A

encourages therapists to see an individual’s symptoms as being influenced by many interacting systems

83
Q

what is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

A

combines mindfulness meditation with standard cognitive behavioral therapy tools

84
Q

what is decentering

A

when you are able to “step back” from their normal consciousness and examine themselves

85
Q

what is cognitive behavioral therapy

A

Procedures such as cognitive restructuring, stress inoculation training, exposing people to experiences they have a tendency to avoid

86
Q

what is CBT effective for

A

anxiety, OCD, phobias, EDs, increasing behavioral skills, decreasing problematic behaviors

87
Q

what is dialectical behavior therapy

A

Assumes the route of the disorder is in emotional regulation and tolerance of distress

88
Q

what is a frontal lobotomy

A

surgically severing the connection between different regions of the brain

89
Q

what is a leukotomy

A

surgical deconstruction of brain tissues in the prefrontal cortex

90
Q

what is a icepick lobotomy

A

insert a metal shaft between the eyeball and eyelid, tap it with a hammer into the brain, move it around until the frontal lobes were detached

91
Q

what are focal lesions

A

small areas of brain tissue that are surgically destroyed

92
Q

what are focal lesions used to treat

A

OCD

93
Q

what are repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

a focal area of the brain is exposed to a powerful magnetic field across several treatment sessions

94
Q

what is deep brain stimulation

A

electrically stimulating specific regions of the brain (super effective)

95
Q

what is a mental disorder defence (legal)

A

claims that the defendant was in such an extreme, abnormal state of mind when committing the crime that they could not have known that their actions were legally/morally wrong

96
Q

what is an asylum

A

residential facilities for the mentally ill

97
Q

what is deinstitutionalization

A

the movement of large numbers of psychiatric inpatients from their care facilities back into regular society

98
Q

what are residential treatment centres

A

housing facilities where residents receive psychological therapy and life skill training, with the goal of helping them become re-integrated into society

psych (4 decks)

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