13: social psych Flashcards
humans are fundamentally what?
social creatures
why do we conform to social groups?
To get information or informational influence and to fulfill our need for belonging
what is normative influence
the result of social pressure to adopt a group’s perspective in order to be accepted
what is informational influence
when people feel the group is giving them useful information
what is groupthink
a decision-making problem where group members avoid arguments and strive for agreement
what is the bystander effect
an individual is less likely to help when they think that others aren’t helping
what is diffusion of responsibility
reduced personal responsibility that a person feels when more people are present in a situation
What is cognitive dissonance?
People want to maintain consistency between thoughts and actions and appear as a “good person”. inconsistencies provide unpleasant arousal
what are social norms
the unwritten guidelines for how to behave in social contexts
what are social roles
guidelines that apply to specific positions within the group
what is synchrony
occurs when two individuals engage in social interaction, their speech/language/body language become more alike
what is mimicry
taking on the behaviors, emotional displays, and facial expressions of others
what is ostracism
being ignored/excluded from social context (motivates us to be normal)
what is pluralistic ignorance
occurs when most group members privately reject a belief, attitude, or behavior but incorrectly assume that most others in the group accept it
what is false polarization
people perceive the attitudes of those who disagree with them as more extreme than they are
How do people respond when their group is perceived as under threat?
Increase the ingroup vs. outgroup divide, increase use of stereotypes when interacting with others, leave the group or improve the group
Components of attitude
Affective : emotions or feelings toward
Behavioral : actions that result from
Cognitive : knowledge about
what is an attitude?
An evaluation of a person, place, object, event, or behavior
what are perceived social norms
what we perceive relevant others would do/think/feel/see as acceptable to do/think/feel in a given situation
How can attitudes be changed?
Technological (making desired behaviors easier to accomplish and undesired behaviours difficulty)
Legal (creating laws to encourage/reward positive behaviors)
Economic (providing financial incentives and penalties though taxes/pricing)
Social (using info and communication to raise awareness about positive/negative outcomes of behaviors)
what is persuasion
a direct attempt to change someone’s attitude
what is the elaboration likelihood model
dual-process model of persuasion that predicts whether factual info or other info will be most influential (explicit vs. implicit)
what is the construal-level theory
describes how info affects us different depending on our psychological distance from the info
what is the identifiable victim effect
people are more powerfully moved to action by the story of a single person suffering rather than a whole group of people
