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12: personality Flashcards

1
Q

what is a personality

A

An individual’s characteristic patterns of thoughts/feelings/behaviors persisting over time and across situations

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2
Q

what is an idiographic approach

A

creating detailed descriptions of a specific person’s unique personality characteristic

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3
Q

what is a nomothetic approach

A

examine a personality in large group of people, with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure (extraversion)

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4
Q

what are psychodynamic theories

A

(Freud) focus on inner conflicts between innate drives (sex/aggression) and social forces

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5
Q

what are humanist theories

A

focus on private, subjective experiences and personal growth

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6
Q

what is trait theory

A

focus on identifying clusters of traits (adjectives) that can help differentiate people

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7
Q

what is social learning theory

A

focus on the role of socialization and mental processes; emphasize interaction between person and environment

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8
Q

what is the conscious mind

A

your current awareness, everything you are aware of right now

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9
Q

what is the unconscious mind

A

much more vast and powerful, inaccessible, will automatically influence your behavior

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10
Q

what is the id, ego, and superego

A

id = pleasure principle (devil)
ego = resolves tension between id and superego (us)
superego = morality principle (angel)

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11
Q

what is a freudian slip

A

slip of the tongue offering a glimpse into the unconscious

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12
Q

what are the psychosexual stages of development

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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13
Q

what is a fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular stage as a result of not being able to adequately satisfy their needs at that stage

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14
Q

what is the oedipus complex

A

boys becoming attracted to their mothers and compete with their father

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15
Q

what is the electra complex

A

girls becoming attracted to their fathers, teaming up with father against mother

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16
Q

what are defence mechanisms

A

the ego reduces anxiety by unconsciously altering reality

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17
Q

what is displacement

A

shifting sexual/aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object/person

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18
Q

what is denial

A

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

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19
Q

what is projecteion

A

disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

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20
Q

what is rationalization

A

offering self-justifying explanations in lieu of the real threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions

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21
Q

what is reaction formation

A

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites (hating someone then being super nice to them)

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22
Q

what is regression

A

retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage

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23
Q

what are projective tests, and give examples

A

personality tests where ambiguous images are presented to elicit response that reflects the unconscious
Inkblot tests, thematic apperception test

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24
Q

main flaws in freud’s research

A

unfalsifiable, unrepresentative sampling, biased observations, post facto explanations rather than predictions

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25
what is the humanist perspective
The individual’s free will to make choices
26
what is the hierarchy of needs, list it
Humans are fundamentally good and have an innate drive toward growth, Personality is shaped by needs and the pursuit of self-actualization, People are motivated by unfulfilled needs, Lower needs in the hierarchy must be satisfied before nigher needs motivate psychological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
27
what are conditions facilitate growth
unconditional positive regard, empathetic understanding, genuineness
28
what is a trait
an enduring quality that makes a person tend to act a certain way
29
what is a state
a temporary physical/psychological engagement that influences behavior
30
what are examples of states
locations, associations, activities, subjective states
31
what did Allport and Odbert do
identified 18,000 english words that can represent personality traits
32
what did raymond cattell do
narrow it down to 16
33
what did Hans and Sybil Eyenck do
create two dimensions of personality
34
what is arousal theory of extraversion
arguing that extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
35
what is the ascending reticular activating system
helps in controlling this arousal response - introverts have a more reactive ARAS because they avoid excessive stimulation
36
what is the behavioral action system
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
37
what is the behvaioral inhibition system
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishment/other negative outcomes
38
what are the big 5
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
39
what is authoritarian personality
rigid and dogmatic, separate their social world into “us” and “them” then believe that “us” is superior to “them”, endorse and engage in prejudice and violence
40
what is right wing authoritarianism
a problematic set of personality characteristics that also predisposes people to certain types of violent/anti-social behavior
41
what is the HEXACO model of personality
the FFM but with the addition of honest-humility
42
whats is a response style
characteristic ways of responding to questions, strongly influenced by cultural norms
43
what is a genome wide association study
examining the DNA of the entire genome to determine which genetic variants are associated with a particular trait
44
what is the dark triad
personal roots of evil Machiavellianiam, psychopathy, narcissism
45
what is machiavellianism
manipulative with lack of morality and respect for others
46
what is psychopathy
feel little empathy and get a thrill out of conflict/inflicting harm
47
what is narcissism
egotistical, excessive sense of self-importance
48
what do infant temperaments predict
adult personality traits
49
what does a well adjusted temperament lead to
capable of self control, confident, not overly upset by new things
50
what does a under controlled temperament lead to
impulsive, restless, distractible, emotionally volatile
51
what does a inhibited temperament lead to
socially uncomfortable, fearful, easily upset by strangers
52
what is the barnum effect
when people accept vague statements about them as if it was specific to them
53
what are the three personality inventories
myers-briggs (MBTI) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) big five (NEO-PI)
54
what does myers-briggs test
extraversion/intraversion sensing/intuition thinking/feeling judging/percieving
55
what is factor analysis
used to group items that people respond to similarly (friendly, warm, kind, are one factor)
56
what is reciprocal determinism
interactions between behavior, internal factors, and external factors, all of which mutually influence each other
57
what does WEIRD stand for
western educated industrialized rich democratic
58
what is humorism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
59
what is analytical psychology
focuses on the role of unconscious archetypes in personality development
60
what is phrenology
theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the shape of the skull
61
what is personal unconscious
a vast repository of experience and patterns absorbed during the person’s life
62
what is collective unconscious
a separate, non-personal realm of the unconscious that hold the collective memories and mythologies of humankind, stretching deep into our ancestral past
63
what are archetypes
images and symbols that reflect common patterns of experience across all cultures mother, child, trickster, wise old man, hero, shadow
64
what is an inferiority complex
the struggle that many people have with feeling of inferiority, which stem from experiences of helplessness and powerless during childhood
65
what is womb envy
men can never experience carrying another human life and mothering

psych (4 decks)

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