14.1 National development (just first bullet point)

Question 1

what are the 4 different employment sectors?

Answer 1

1. primary: produces raw materials from land/sea. e.g farming, fishing, mining
2. secondary: manufacturing e.g car production (goods are either capital or consumer)
3. tertiary: services to businesses and to people, e.g teachers, nursers, retail workers
4. quaternary: information and expertise using high technology, research and development important. e.g aerospace engineers, research scientists

Question 2

how have employment structures changed over time?

Answer 2

• following industrialisation, large reduction in employment in the primary sector due to the mechanisation of farming, mining, forestry etc drastically reducing demand in these industries and so jobs disappear
• force people to move to urban areas where secondary/tertiary jobs expanding: less than 4% employed in primary sector compared to 40% in 1900
• manufacturing jobs also replaced by factories/machinery and many of the jobs now done in LICs
• tertiary sector also changing though as e.g banking computer networks reduced need for people
• service industry rising, e.g health/tourism as disposable incomes rise and so more holidays

Question 3

employment structure in LICs

Answer 3

LICs:
- heavily-dependent on primary sector where most work as subsistence farmers
- densely populated areas not enough work and often shared = underemployed
- some regions of LICs mining, fishing or forestry dominate and although mining is often better paid than other jobs, the working conditions are harsh
- primary product dependency means very high unemployment if changes in world market - very vulnerable
- tertiary jobs available often in public sector e.g teaching so paid by the gov and so limited as low on funds and salaries not paid on time

Question 4

employment structure in MICs

Answer 4

• employment in manufacturing increased rapidly in recent decades due to FDI from TNCs contributing to development
• other contributions to development e.g through service industry e.g in India
• increasing wealth = mechanisation = fall in demand for labour in primary sector

Question 5

employment structure in HICs

Answer 5

• post-industrial
• most in teritary with increasing number in quaternary
• fall in secondary:
• manufacturing industries moved for lower costs in MICs/LICs
• investment in tech replaced human labour
• outsourcing to save money where lower labour costs e.g British companies (BT) have outsourced their call centres in India
• increase in WFH (especially in COVID) however some companies urging workers back to office as more productive

Question 6

role of primary sector in economic development

Answer 6

• provision of raw materials: needed for manufacturing and so development of secondary and tertiary sector
• providing employment: enables workers to gain income and so spend in the economy helping to boost growth and development through the multiplier effect and also increases tax revenue allowing more infrastructure development
• attracts investors/TNCs for extraction of natural resources, e.g oil (UAE)

Question 7

role of secondary sector in economic development

Answer 7

• importance in industrialisation: leads to higher GDP and so economic development
• job creation/employment in manufacturing: as industries expand also create indirect employment in sectors such as retail, transport
• adding value to raw materials: through manufacturing leads to increase in wealth in the economy
• development of secondary sector makes economy less vulnerable to external risks, e.g price fluctuations
• boost trade of secondary goods = economic development

Question 8

role of tertiary sector in economic development

Answer 8

• contribution to GDP/economic growth: largest contributor in developed economies through finance, technology, retail
• large employer: main source in many countries: healthcare, education etc, also as service sector grows often provides higher educated jobs improving skill development/income levels
• important in function of other sectors e.g secondary as provides financial services and logistics

Question 9

role of quaternary sector in economic development

Answer 9

• R&D: drives innovation and improves productivity boosting growth as well as improving quality/competitiveness of products: important for trade
• job creation in high skill and high paid roles: contribution to GDP and higher standards of living
• can enhance productivity in other sectors
• attracting foreign investment who seek locations with well-educated workforce and high level tech, in turn help to boost growth/competitiveness
• long term: help sustainable economic development through new technologies, e.g renewable energy