13.4 The management of a tourist destination Flashcards
Location of Venice
- north eastern coast of italy
- located in the marshy lagoon
- part of veneto region, within the venetian lagoon
Attractions in Venice
Iconic landmarks:
- St Mark’s Square
- Rialto Bridge. spans the Grand Canal
Festivals and traditions:
- Venice carnival
- Venice film festival
- Gondolas
Scale of visitors in venice
- increasing since 2003, with exceptions of Global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in a fall in numbers
- in 2023, total tourist arrivals peaked at around 5.7 million
- peak time for tourists visiting is during the summer season, with July being the peak month with around 600,000 visitors
- lowest number of visitors usually occur in January with around just 100,000 visitors
Problems experienced in Venice
Social:
- Locals forced to negotiate crowds and put up with often disrespectful behaviour
- Littering by tourists
- Displacement of locals
Economic:
- Rising living costs for locals: three decades ago, more than 120,000 people lived in Venice, now there is just 55,000
- Price inflation caused by tourism, as businesses often raise prices to cater to tourists, making it more expensive for locals to live there
- Seasonal nature of tourism can create unstable employment conditions, with many jobs being temporary/low-paid
Environmental:
- Constant flow of cruise ships/boats in the canal cause water pollution and erosion of historic buildings
- Disposal of waste/littering by tourists further contributes to pollution
Solutions to problems in Venice
Fee to access:
- Introduced in** April 2024**, charge on day-trippers to access the city center
- Cost of 5 euros per person, per day, intended to reduce the footfall of foreigners
- Fee only applies on 29 peak travel days between 25th April and 14th July
- System implemented through random checks by security personnel and fines for not paying the fee range from 50 to 300 euros.
Evaluation:
- Only for certain times of the year, so will not help to reduce numbers year round
Banning of cruise ships:
- In 2021
- All large cruise ships (over 55,000 tonnes) banned from entering inner waterways
Evaluation:
- Reduced number of cruise tourists could harm local businesses who rely on tourists for income
Regulations:
- Fined up to **500 euros **for not abiding regulations
- Introduced in 2018
- Include: no pausing on bridges, ban on swimming in canals, no riding of bikes, no feeding of birds, ban of wearing swimwear in the city, ban on dropping litter, no excessive noise at night
Evaluation:
- **Rely on tourists abiding **the regulations, in order for them to be successful
Barriers to segregate locals:
- Authorities installed barriers to divert visitors to try and make the city more liveable for locals
- Prevent tourists from passing through if authorities deem the city is too crowded
- Closure of Ponte della Liberta, only bridge connecting the lagoon to the rest of Italy, to tourists attempting to reach Venice from the mainland by car once parking slots nearby are full
Evaluation:
- Enforcement of barriers needed for it be effective, meaning authorities will have to be stationed there
- locals took down barriers
Socio-cultural impacts of tourism on jamaica
Positive:
- understanding/appreciation of culture (reggae)
- increased pride in local traditions, encourage preservation of cultural heritage
- drives development in infrastructure
- as industry grows, locals have access to training programs
Negatives:
- annoyance/antagonism (doxy)
- conflicts between locals/tourists
- overpopulation
- wages often low/high seasonality
- local culture becomes Americanised (demonstration effect)
- 2005, 71.6% Americans
Management:
- community based tourism: e.g Bluefields Bay Fisherman’s friendly society: eco-friendly tours
- sustainable tourism master plan
- tourism sector codes of conduct
- Jamaica Cultural Development Commission (JCDC): works with local artists/musicians to promote cultural tourism, using platforms such as Jamaica carnival
- improvements in informal settlements in Ocho Rias
Economic impacts of tourism in Jamaica
Positives:
- accounts for 34% of total economic output and 31% if employment
- tourism receipts 53% of total exports (20% GDp)
- multiplier effect: for every $US 1 million in T&T sales, $US 120,000 of GDP generated in wholesale/retail sector
Negatives:
- 30% of T&T spending leaks out through imports
- although large hotel chains employ Jamaicans, many visitors do not venture outside hotel, so local workers miss out on this demand
- so reliable on tourism, Very vulnerable to external shocks - COVID-19 65.5% decrease of visitors in 2020
- large proportion of tourists from USA, Canada and UK - all hit hard by crisis
Management:
- UNWTO Tourism recovery plan: reducing unemployment/economic inequality through supporting small businesses
- Tourism linkages network: reduce import dependency/strengthen local supply chains
- Tourism Enhancement Fund: established 2004, small fee from tourists and reinvest in local communities
Environmental impacts of tourism on Jamaica
Positives:
- landscaping in Montgomery Bay ton made it more attractive
- water treatment plant at logwood limits pollution from Negril’s hotels
- eco-friendly accomodation e.g Jakes Hotel on Treasure Beach
Negatives:
- average tourist consumes 10x as much water and produces 3x as much solid waste as an average jamaican
- unbalanced water supply: locals receive water after hotel guests = unreliable supplies
- coral reefs damaged by jet skis
-the great Morass wetland has be drained to reclaim land for hotels in Negril
Management:
- Green globe certification: several hotels implemented programs to reduce water use
- Negril Marine Park:
- helps tor educe damage to important habitats/provide refuge for protected species
Butler model on development of Jamaica
- Exploration stage
- pre- 1940s
- mostly affluent individuals drawn to jamaica’s natural beauty
- via ships, minimal infrastructure/tourist services - Involvement stage (1940s-1950s):
- post WWII, gov recognise tourism as potential economic driver
- infrastructure began to develop mostly around popular coastal areas - Montego bay - Development stage (1960s-1970s):
- as global travel industry expanded
- all-inclusive resorts developed - Sandals
- rise of package tourism - Consolidation stage (1980s-1990s):
- well developed, range of accommodations - Stagnation Stage (2000s)
- overcrowding, environmental degradation and safety concerns started to impact appeal
- rising competition from other islands
Blue and John Crow national park
Attractions:
- blue mountain peak: highest point in jamaica: 2,256m: popular 7 mile hike
- coffee plantations/tours
- maroon settlements: cultural/history
- gordon town falls
cinchona botanical gardens
Accommodation;
- blue mountain peak huts
- lodges and guesthouses: e.g Millbank
- camping: holywell
Activities:
- blue mountain guided hike: $150 per person
- coffee/bird watch tours
Impacts:
Social:
Pos:
- preserve cultural heritage/better understanding of history
Cons:
- cultural commodification
- culture can be commercialised and changed to fit expectation
Economic:
Pros:
- employment
- revenue from tours/stays: stay cost J$1,500 per night
Cons:
- tourism dependant - external shocks
- inflation of local prices
Environment:
Pros;
- awareness of conservation
- revenue can be used to fund programs
- Natural Heritage conservation program
Cons:
- waste/contamination
Management of Blue crowe national park
- managed by jamaica conservation and development trust
- entrance fee of US$20
- funds go to trail maintenance, ranger salaries and conservation work
- number of staff patrols increased in last decade by about 100
- public awareness campaigns/education programmes
