Case studies for Global interdependence

Question 1

case study for over tourism

Answer 1

Attractions:
- Iconic landmarks: St Marks square
- UNESCO World heritage site
- gondolas
- film festival/carnival

Scale of visitors:
- increasing trend since 2003
- peak in 20024 of 5.7 million
- peak month July 600,000, lowest January with 100,000

Problems
- Social: locals disrupted/displaced by crowds, littering
- Economic: rising cost of living for locals, from 120,00 to 55,000 that live there in 3 decades, inflation, seasonal nature create unstable employment
- Environmental: constant flow of cruise ships = canal water pollution/erosion of historic buildings, waste

Solutions:
1. Fee to access
- 5 euro per day per person
- only on 29 peak travel days
EV: only certain times of year, so not help reduce numbers all year

2. Banning of cruise ships:
   - banned from entering inner waterways
   EV: reduced number tourists = harm local businesses
3. Regulations:
   - fined up to 500 euros; include no pausing on bridges, no swimming in canals
   EV: rely on tourists abiding to be successful
4. barriers to segregate locals:
   - enforcement needs to be effected so authorities have to be stationed there = cost

Question 2

example of ecotourism: galapagos island

Answer 2

Attractions:
- wildlife: giant tortoises, marine iguanas

Visitors:
- 250,000 to 300,000 annually : peak June to September (cooler) and December to Jan (warm)

• Galapagos National park :
• UNESCO World heritage site

Impacts of ecotourism:
Positive:
- social: provide jobs
- economic: Generate approximately US$143 million a year through tourism, Over two thousand people are employed, more tourists choose to stay in hotels on island rather than cruise ships = more money for locals
- environmental:
- many tourists contribute to conservation projects
- entrance fees (US$100 per adult and US$50 for children in 2015) go to supporting organisations

Negative:
- social: cruise ships rely on imports not buying local food and also now too many tourists = food imported
- environmental: litter, possible hotels damage environment

Management:
- setting carrying capacity for different sites
- planning boat routes to avoid overwhelming areas
- no tourist explore independently - guide needed
- establishing clear rules
- education for visitors/locals: Charles Darwin Research Station
- boat licenses needed
- entrance fees

Gov:
- government allocated $3.4 million for project on Floreana island

Question 3

case study for trade war

Answer 3

USA-China trade war:

Causes:
1. Trade imbalance: USA trade deficit with China: $419.2bn in 2018, protectionist measures to reduce this
2. Intellectual property theft and forced technology transfer
3. China accused of **“dumping” **products on foreign markets because it subsidises the cost of some exports.

Steel and electric vehicles:
Steel:
- 2018, trump put 25% tariff on steel imports to protect US manufacturers
- China imposed its own tariffs and started to shift to other markets
Electric vehicles:
- Biden introduced 100% border tax on electric cars from China
- As well as a rise from 25% to 100% on electric vehicle tariffs, levies on solar cells also increased from 25% to 50%
- China retaliated with tariffs on US products

Donald Trumps plans (update):
- up to 20% tariffs on good from other countries and 60% on all Chinese imports
- maybe even 200% tax on some imported cars

Question 4

Fairtrade project example

Answer 4

Kuapa Kokoo, Ghana:

Health:
- Provision of pump wells, bore holes and mosquito nets
- Mobile health services to 17 districts
Education:
-Construction/refurbishment of eight schools and a block of six classrooms
- Construction of a three-classroom block and a teacher bungalow at Anakum, school will serve Anakum and other communities nearby where children travel long distances to access school facilities.
- Implementation, in collaboration with Trading Vision of the Fairtrade Education Programme in three schools in Ghana and several others in the UK, linking them through internet for cultural exchange

Farmer support:
- Seminars/workshops to help farmers to develop other means of livelihood for during the off-season; these activities aimed at empowering women
- Direct payment to farmers in the form of an end-of-year bonus
- Provision of new equipment including scales that reduce farmers’ dependency on the scales of middlemen and machines for cracking palm kernels, which greatly reduce the workload of women.

Community:
- Investment in 51 corn mills
- Construction of two day-cares centres

Question 5

FCDO case study

Answer 5

7 priorities:
1. Climate and biodiversity
2. Global health security
3. Girls’ education
4. Humanitarian preparedness and response
5. Science and technology
6. Open societies and conflict resolution
7. Economic development and trade

Example of things they do:
1. Disaster relief (£622.9m):
e.g Resilience, Adaptation and Inclusion in Nepal (RAIN) Programme (NGO)
- aims to help mitigate risks, reduce vulnerability and build resilience in Nepal
2. Health (£586.3m)
e.g Better Health in Bangladesh (BHM) Programme (NGO)
- aims to deliver more and higher quality services contributing to better health

Question 6

Example of UK local development project in LIC

Answer 6

Global Energy Transfer Feed-in Tariff (GETFiT) :
- main goal of assisting Uganda to pursue a climate resilient low-carbon development path by facilitating private sector investments in renewable electricity generation projects
- Programme budget: £25,800,000
Spend to date: £3,761,079
Successes:
1. Increased capacity: 156 MW of renewable energy to ugandas grid by 2021
2. job creation
3. mobilised over $450 million in private investment
4. CO2 reductions - estimated over 7 million tons over project lifetime

Question 7

Example of UK emergency Aid

Answer 7

UK support for Iraqi victims of ISL :
-Key initiatives
1. Humanitarian Assistance: £300 million in humanitarian aid since 2014
2. Support for Survivors of Gender-Based Violence: document crims/provide survivor-centred support
3. Community Stabilization: investments in infrastructure repair, support for community groups

Question 8

Tied aid example

Answer 8

UK Aid to Malysia to build Pergau dam:
- very controversial
- cost $600 milion and UK funded approx £230 million in aid
revealed later that the aid given by the UK was linked to a £1 billion arms deal between the two countries, where Malaysia agreed to purchase British military equipment in exchange for funding
- contributed to establishment of International Development Act 2022, prohibited tying aid to military objectives

Question 9

Oxfam case study - aid donors

Answer 9

• founded in 1942
  Funding:
• institutions/gov: UK DfID, EU, UN
• public fundraising

Spending:
- all of its money directly or indirectly fighting the injustice of poverty
- every £1 Oxfam spends, 81p goes on their emergency, development and campaigning work, 12p is spent on running costs and 7p is invested to generate future income

Local development project:
Balaka District, Southern Malawi :
- improved food security, empower women, strengthen community resilience to climate change
Impacts:
- 40% increase in crop yields - better soil management/drought resistant crops
- households incomes up by average 25%

Cost:
- estimated $800,000 to $1,250,000

Question 10

Oxfam LIC emergency project

Answer 10

hunger crisis in South Sudan :
- conflict caused fuel price/cost of living to rise
- poor harvest in late 2017 = 7.1 million facing extreme hunger

Responses:
- Supporting over 500,000 people
- Regular emergency food distributions
- Distribution of vouchers for canoes
- wash services: water purification systems to 20,00 households
- food distribution: immediate relief: 25,000 individuals
- longer term: fast growing seeds to 10,000 farmers to enable quick recovery