1.4 Morphology and Internal Structures Flashcards
structures found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Cytoplasm, 1 or more chromosomes, plasma membrane, ribosomes
Contrast the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
(1) Eukaryotic cells have nuclei and (2) membrane-bound organelles while prokaryotic cells do not. (3) Prokaryotic cells have a more complex cell wall structure than eukaryotic cells. Many eukaryotic cells do not have cell walls
Coccus
Round
bacillus
Rod
Vibrio
Curved Rod
Coccobacillus
Short Rod
spirillum
spiral
Spirochete
long loose helical spiral
Diplococcus
Pair of two cocci
Tetrad
Group of four in square
Streptococcus
chain of cocci
staphylococcus
cluster of cocci
Bacillus
Single Rod
Streptobacillus
chain of Rods
Isotonic
Means that concentration is even inside and outside of cell
Hypertonic
concentration is higher on the inside of cell compared to the outside so the water rushes from inside the cell to the outside. Causes cell to shrivel
hypotonic
concentration is higher outside of cell then the inside of cell so the water rushed into cell to balance it. Causes cell to burst
Nucleoid
a condensed area of DNA found within prokaryotic cells.
Plasmid
extrachromosomal DNA, or DNA that is not part of the chromosome.
ribosomes
protein synthesis.
inclusions
the ability to store excess nutrients within cytoplasmic structures
endospores
structures that essentially protect the bacterial genome in a dormant state when environmental conditions are unfavorable.
volutin granules
are inclusions that store polymerized inorganic phosphate that can be used in metabolism and assist in the formation of biofilms.
sulfur granules
these granules store elemental sulfur, which the bacteria use for metabolism.
PHB inclusions
been used as a source of biodegradable polymers for bioplastics. Several
gas vaculos
allow the prokaryotic cells that synthesize them to alter their buoyancy so that they can adjust their location in the water column.
magnetosomes
inclusions of magnetic iron oxide or iron sulfide surrounded by a lipid layer.
carboxysomes
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) and carbonic anhydrase. Both of these compounds are used for carbon metabolism. Some
Sporulation
The process by which vegetative cells transform into endospores
Germination
when living conditions improve, endospores undergo germination, reentering a vegetative state. After germination, the cell becomes metabolically active again and is able to carry out all of its normal functions, including growth and cell division.
Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure.
refers to the ability of membrane components to move fluidly within the plane of the membrane, as well as the mosaic-like composition of the components, which include a diverse array of lipid and protein components (
Identify the differences in structure between bacterial and archaeal membranes.
Archaeal membranes are formed with ether linkages, have branched chains, have monolayer membranes.
Bacterial membranes are formed with ester linkages, have straight chained links, and have biolipid membrane.
Simple diffusion
molecules moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration with the concentration gradient are transported by simple diffusion, also known as passive transport
Facilitate diffusion
charged molecules, as well as large molecules, need the help of carriers or channels in the membrane. These structures ferry molecules across the membrane, a process known as facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Active transport occurs when cells move molecules across their membrane against concentration gradients. A major difference between passive and active transport is that active transport requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or other forms of energy to move molecules “uphill.” Therefore, active transport structures are often called “pumps.”
Group translocation
a molecule moves into a cell against its concentration gradient, it is chemically modified so that it does not require transport against an unfavorable concentration gradient.
