1.4 Morphology and Internal Structures

Question 1

structures found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer 1

Cytoplasm, 1 or more chromosomes, plasma membrane, ribosomes

Question 2

Contrast the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

(1) Eukaryotic cells have nuclei and (2) membrane-bound organelles while prokaryotic cells do not. (3) Prokaryotic cells have a more complex cell wall structure than eukaryotic cells. Many eukaryotic cells do not have cell walls

Question 3

Coccus

Answer 3

Round

Question 4

bacillus

Answer 4

Rod

Question 5

Vibrio

Answer 5

Curved Rod

Question 6

Coccobacillus

Answer 6

Short Rod

Question 7

spirillum

Answer 7

spiral

Question 8

Spirochete

Answer 8

long loose helical spiral

Question 9

Diplococcus

Answer 9

Pair of two cocci

Question 10

Tetrad

Answer 10

Group of four in square

Question 11

Streptococcus

Answer 11

chain of cocci

Question 12

staphylococcus

Answer 12

cluster of cocci

Question 13

Bacillus

Answer 13

Single Rod

Question 14

Streptobacillus

Answer 14

chain of Rods

Question 15

Isotonic

Answer 15

Means that concentration is even inside and outside of cell

Question 16

Hypertonic

Answer 16

concentration is higher on the inside of cell compared to the outside so the water rushes from inside the cell to the outside. Causes cell to shrivel

Question 17

hypotonic

Answer 17

concentration is higher outside of cell then the inside of cell so the water rushed into cell to balance it. Causes cell to burst

Question 18

Nucleoid

Answer 18

a condensed area of DNA found within prokaryotic cells.

Question 19

Plasmid

Answer 19

extrachromosomal DNA, or DNA that is not part of the chromosome.

Question 20

ribosomes

Answer 20

protein synthesis.

Question 21

inclusions

Answer 21

the ability to store excess nutrients within cytoplasmic structures

Question 22

endospores

Answer 22

structures that essentially protect the bacterial genome in a dormant state when environmental conditions are unfavorable.

Question 23

volutin granules

Answer 23

are inclusions that store polymerized inorganic phosphate that can be used in metabolism and assist in the formation of biofilms.

Question 24

sulfur granules

Answer 24

these granules store elemental sulfur, which the bacteria use for metabolism.

Question 25

PHB inclusions

Answer 25

been used as a source of biodegradable polymers for bioplastics. Several

Question 26

gas vaculos

Answer 26

allow the prokaryotic cells that synthesize them to alter their buoyancy so that they can adjust their location in the water column.

Question 27

magnetosomes

Answer 27

inclusions of magnetic iron oxide or iron sulfide surrounded by a lipid layer.

Question 28

carboxysomes

Answer 28

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) and carbonic anhydrase. Both of these compounds are used for carbon metabolism. Some

Question 29

Sporulation

Answer 29

The process by which vegetative cells transform into endospores

Question 30

Germination

Answer 30

when living conditions improve, endospores undergo germination, reentering a vegetative state. After germination, the cell becomes metabolically active again and is able to carry out all of its normal functions, including growth and cell division.

Question 31

Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure.

Answer 31

refers to the ability of membrane components to move fluidly within the plane of the membrane, as well as the mosaic-like composition of the components, which include a diverse array of lipid and protein components (

Question 32

Identify the differences in structure between bacterial and archaeal membranes.

Answer 32

Archaeal membranes are formed with ether linkages, have branched chains, have monolayer membranes.

Bacterial membranes are formed with ester linkages, have straight chained links, and have biolipid membrane.

Question 33

Simple diffusion

Answer 33

molecules moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration with the concentration gradient are transported by simple diffusion, also known as passive transport

Question 34

Facilitate diffusion

Answer 34

charged molecules, as well as large molecules, need the help of carriers or channels in the membrane. These structures ferry molecules across the membrane, a process known as facilitated diffusion

Question 35

Active transport

Answer 35

Active transport occurs when cells move molecules across their membrane against concentration gradients. A major difference between passive and active transport is that active transport requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or other forms of energy to move molecules “uphill.” Therefore, active transport structures are often called “pumps.”

Question 36

Group translocation

Answer 36

a molecule moves into a cell against its concentration gradient, it is chemically modified so that it does not require transport against an unfavorable concentration gradient.