1.4 Cold War Crises, 1958-70

Question 1

<p>How many Germans had left East Germany by 1958?</p>

Answer 1

<p>Three million. Over a sixth of the country’s population</p>

Question 2

<p>What kind of people were leaving East Germany during the ‘Brain Drain’?</p>

Answer 2

<p>Skilled workers who were essential to the East German economy, such as engineers, technicians and teachers</p>

Question 3

<p>What did Khrushchev demand in his ‘<b>Berlin Ultimatum</b>’?</p>

Answer 3

<p>Kruschev demanded that Western countries should officially recognise East Germany (German Democratic Republic) as an independent country</p>

Question 4

<p>What were the names of the 4 summits held to discuss the ‘Berlin Ultimatum’?</p>

Answer 4

<ul>
	<li>Geneva, May 1959</li>
	<li>Camp David, September 1959</li>
	<li>Paris, May 1960</li>
	<li>Vienna, June 1961</li>
</ul>

Question 5

<p>Who was President of the USA at the beginning of the Berlin Crisis and who was President at the end? What was the effect of this change?</p>

Answer 5

<p>Eisenhower was replaced by Kennedy in January 1961. At the Vienna summit in June 1961, Khrushchev believed that as Kennedy was inexperienced in foreign affairs, it would be possible to get the better of him.</p>

<p>However, Kennedy refused to make any concessions and, after Vienna, decided to increase spending on American armed forces by over $2 billion.</p>

Question 6

<p>What was the result of the failure of the summits to find a conclusion to the Berlin Ultimatum?</p>

Answer 6

<p>Concerns over the Berlin Ultimatum talks caused an increase in East Germans deciding to cross to the West, just in case Krushchev decided to close the border. Then, on the night of 12th August 1961, East German troops put up a barbed wire fence between East and West Berlin</p>

Question 7

<p>What was Kruschev's Belin Ultimatum?</p>

Answer 7

<p>Krushcev issued the Western powers anultimatumto withdraw fromBerlinwithin six months and make it a free, demilitarised city</p>

Question 8

<p>What were the positive impacts of the building of the Berlin Wall on both the USA and the USSR?</p>

Answer 8

<p>The wall stopped large numbers of refugees leaving for the West, to some extent solving the problem of the East German government. It also showed the West that communism would survive in Berlin</p>

<p>On the other hand, it also showed that Khrushchev had been forced to accept Western control in West Berlin. West Berlin became an emblem of freedom</p>

Question 9

<p>Who ruled Cuba before Castro?</p>

Answer 9

<p>Batista, an Army General who gained power with the help of the US</p>

Question 10

<p>When was the Cuban Revolution?</p>

Answer 10

<p>January 1959</p>

Question 11

<p>What reforms were introduced after Castro overthrew Batista in the 1959 Revolution?</p>

Answer 11

<p>Castro worked to end corruption in government and improve the conditions of agricultural and industrial workers</p>

Question 12

<p>Why did the USA grow increasingly concerned by Castro’s reforms?</p>

Answer 12

<p>Castro began appointing communists to his government and signed a trade agreement with the USSR in which Cuban sugar would be swapped for machinery, oil and economic aid (and conventional weapons such as machine guns)</p>

<p>Castro nationalised American industries in Cuba</p>

Question 13

<p>How did the USA react to Castro's reforms?</p>

Answer 13

<ul>
<li>In January 1960, the USA stopped buying Cuban sugarand then banned all trade with Cuba</li>
<li>By January 1961 the USA stopped all diplomatic relations with Cuba</li>
</ul>

Question 14

<p>What was the Bay of Pigs Invasion?</p>

Answer 14

<p>The Bay Of Pigswas to be led by Cuban exiles, living in Florida</p>

<p>The plan was supported by JFK</p>

<p>Weapons, training and transport were provided by the CIA. The exiles hoped to establish a base for guerrilla activities against Castro</p>

<p>The Americans were confident that the Cuban people would support them</p>

Question 15

<p>Why was the Bay of Pigs such a disaster?</p>

Answer 15

<ul>
<li>Theforce of 1400 exiles landed in Cuba but found themselves facing over 20,000 Cuban troops</li>
<li>The people of Cuba did not rise up in support of the exiles.</li>
<li>Most importantly both Castro and Khrushchev knew it had been planned by the CIA</li>
</ul>

Question 16

<p>What were the consequences of The Bay of Pigs?</p>

Answer 16

<ul>
<li>The invasion convinced Castro that he needed more Soviet support to defend himself against possible US attacks</li>
<li>In September 1961 Khrushchev <strong>publicly</strong> announced that he would provide arms to Cuba</li>
<li>By 1962 Castro had a very well equipped army containing the latest tanks, missiles and ‘technicians’ (who were Soviet military personnel)</li>
<li>Castro now declared himself to be a communist</li>
</ul>

Question 17

<p>What were the effects of the Bay of Pigson relations between the USA and USSR?</p>

Answer 17

<ul>
<li>Kennedy was humiliated as the invasion had failed.</li>
<li>The USA looked hypocritical as they were supporting an invasion of an independent country.</li>
<li>The USSR had the upper hand – they pointed out that Cubans wanted a pro-communist regime, showing the popularity of Communism.</li>
<li>Stronger relations were established between Cuba and the USSR which made Kennedy feel threatened</li>
</ul>

Question 18

<p>Why did Khrushchev place missiles on Cuba?</p>

Answer 18

<p>NATO had missiles on Turkey. Khrushchev could use missiles on Cuba as a bargaining tool</p>

Question 19

<p>What did JFK decide to do on 22^ndOctober1962?</p>

Answer 19

<ul>
<li>He decided to place a naval blockade around Cuba, whilst also preparing troops for a possible invasion of Cuba</li>
<li>Furthermore he called on the USSR to remove their missiles from Cuba</li>
</ul>

Question 20

<p>How did Khrushchev respond to the Naval Blockade?</p>

Answer 20

<p>He replied there were no Soviet missiles on Cuba and that the USSR would ignore the blockade</p>

Question 21

<p>What happened when Soviet ships reached the naval blockade on 24^th October 1962?</p>

Answer 21

<ul>
<li>They turned back and did not attempt to break the blockade</li>
<li>However Soviet missiles still remained on Cuba</li>
</ul>

Question 22

<p>What offer was made by Khrushchev in the letter sent on the 26^thOctober?</p>

Answer 22

<p>The USSR would remove their nuclear weapons if the USA lifted the blockade and promised not to invade Cuba</p>

Question 23

<p>What offer was made by Khrushchev in the letter sent on the 27^thOctober?</p>

Answer 23

<p>The USSR would remove their nuclear weapons if the USA removed theirs from Turkey</p>

Question 24

<p>How did JFK react to Kruschev's letters?</p>

Answer 24

<p>On the same day he received the second letter, a U2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba.</p>

<p>JFK responded only to the first letter, saying he agreed with its terms, but if the missiles were not removed and attack would follow.</p>

<p>The President’s brother also informed the Soviet ambassador in Washington that the US would remove its missiles from Turkey</p>

Question 25

<p>What did the USA gain from the Cuban Missilecrisis?</p>

Answer 25

<ul>
<li>Nuclear missiles were removed from Cuba</li>
<li>The missiles in Turkey were removed secretly 6 months later.</li>
<li>JFK was no longer seen as weak and inexperienced – his decision to impose a naval blockade was justified</li>
</ul>

Question 26

<p>What did USSR gain from the Cuban MissileCrisis?</p>

Answer 26

<ul>
<li>Cuba remained a Communist country only 90 miles from the USA</li>
<li>Cuba continued to look to the USSR for protection</li>
</ul>

Question 27

<p>What did the USA lose from the Cuban Missilecrisis?</p>

Answer 27

<p>Missiles in Turkey – this angered some of theirNATO allies</p>

Question 28

<p>What did USSR lose from the Cuban Missilecrisis?</p>

Answer 28

<ul>
<li>The USSR was publicly seen to have backed down – this angered many Soviet politicians</li>
<li>Khrushchev was removed from office in 1964 – the military felt they had been forced into a humiliating withdrawal</li>
</ul>

Question 29

<p>What did the world gain from the Cuban Missilecrisis?</p>

Answer 29

<ul>
<li>A direct hot line phone link was set up between Washington and Moscow</li>
<li>A Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was set up in 1963</li>
</ul>

Question 30

<p>What did Cuba gain from the Cuban Missilecrisis?</p>

Answer 30

<ul>
<li>Cuba’s independence had been secured - free from US interference</li>
<li>However Castro felt like a pawn in a very high stakes game which could have seen the destruction of this island</li>
</ul>

Question 31

<p>What <strong>reforms </strong>was Alexander Dubcek making in Czechoslovakia?</p>

Answer 31

<p>As part of the ‘Prague Spring’, from April 1968, Dubcek introduced reforms such as less censorship, trade union powers increased/worker’s rights, more power for regional government, trade with West was increased and Czechs given greater freedom to travel abroad. The idea of holding multi-party elections in the future was discussed</p>

Question 32

<p>What did Dubcek promise Khrushchev to make that meant the USSR was initially happy to accept him as leader?</p>

Answer 32

<p>Dubcek was committed to the Warsaw Pact and support for the Soviet Union</p>

Question 33

<p>What happened to change the USSR’s opinion on Dubcek?</p>

Answer 33

<p>The Soviet leader, Brezhnev (who replaced Khrushchev in 1968), disapproved of many of the reforms being made by Dubcek. He saw them as a threat to Soviet control in Eastern Europe</p>

Question 34

<p>Describe the events of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia</p>

Answer 34

<ul>
<li>On 20th August 1968, 500,000 Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia and ended the ‘Prague Spring.’</li>
<li>Although the Czech people could do little, there was some brave resistance, such as blocking roads or attacking individual tanks.</li>
<li>The invading troops had been told they had been invited by the Czech government to help restore law and order and were surprised by the hostility they encountered</li>
</ul>

Question 35

<p>What impact did the Soviet invasion have on Czechoslovakia?</p>

Answer 35

<p>Dubcek was arrested, sent to Moscow and ordered to reverse his reforms. Then in 1969, he was replaced by Gustav Husak. Husak was a hardliner loyal to Moscow and introduced a clampdown in which over a thousand Czechs were arrested</p>

Question 36

<p>What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?</p>

Answer 36

<p>Brezhnev said that the actions of any individual communist country affected all other communist countries. This meant other communist countries could take action to prevent reforms</p>

Question 37

<p>What was the impact of the Prague spring on USA/USSR relations?</p>

Answer 37

<p>The Soviet response to the Prague Spring outraged Western governments.
There was an attempt to pass a formal resolution condemning the invasion in the United Nations but this was vetoed by the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union saw that the USA might protest but could take little action to opposed Soviet control in Europe</p>

Question 38

<p>How many people were <strong>killed </strong>attempting to cross the <strong>Berlin Wall</strong>?</p>

Answer 38

<p>200 people were killed attempting to cross the Berlin wall</p>

Question 39

<p>What were <strong>Dubcek's reforms</strong>?</p>

Answer 39

<p>Political:</p>

<ul>
<li>The <strong>Secret Police</strong> had their powers restricted</li>
<li>Other<strong> Political Parties</strong> were permitted</li>
<li>More <strong>criticism of Communism</strong> was allowed</li>
<li><strong>Censorship </strong>was relaxed</li>
</ul>

<p>Capitalist:</p>

<ul>
<li>Created a formof<strong> Market Socialism</strong></li>
</ul>

Question 40

<p>What were the different <strong>reactions </strong>to the <strong>Brezhnev Doctrine</strong>?</p>

Answer 40

<ul>
<li><strong>Romania </strong>(under Nicolae Ceausescu) and <strong>Yugoslavia </strong>(under Josip Broz Tito) divided the communist world by signing agreements with China</li>
<li>In the East, the Brezhnev Doctrine stopped any significant reforms in the other <strong>Eastern European </strong>bloc countries</li>
<li>The <strong>Polish </strong>government, for example, did not make any reforms despite public demands for change. This lead to protests</li>
<li>
<p>Communist leaders in France and Italy broke off their ties with the Soviet Union</p>
</li>
</ul>

Question 41

<p>Who were the <strong>US and Soviet</strong> leaders during the <b>Cuban Missile Crisis</b>?</p>

Answer 41

<ul>
<li>Kruschev (Soviet Union)</li>
<li>Kennedy (USA)</li>
</ul>

Question 42

<p>When was the <strong>Brezhnev Doctrine </strong>written?</p>

Answer 42

<p>September 1968</p>

Question 43

<p>When was the Pay of Pigs Invasion?</p>

Answer 43

<p>The Bay of Pigs Invasion was on April 1969</p>

Question 44

<p>What were the <strong>Short-term consequences </strong>of the <strong>Cuban Missile Crisis</strong>?</p>

Answer 44

<ul>
<li>Cuba survived as a communist country</li>
<li>Kennedy assured the world that the USA would never invade Cuba</li>
<li>Kennedy’s public appeal improved, but the Soviet Union looked weak. The world did not know that the US had removed some of their missiles from locations in Turkey
<ul>
<li>The USA did not boast of victory and the USSR did not reveal that the USA had removed some missiles from Turkey</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Khrushchev was ousted as Soviet leader in 1964</li>
</ul>

Question 45

<p>What were the<strong> Long-term Consequences</strong> of the <strong>Cuban Missile Crisis</strong>?</p>

Answer 45

<ul>
<li>There was a move towards detente (a more relaxed relationship between West and East)</li>
<li>Kennedy wanted to focus more on the ‘common interests’ between the two countries</li>
<li>After the Cuban Missile Crisis, a hotline was set up between the US President in the White House and the Russian leader in the Kremlin
<ul>
<li>This would help to avoid instances like the Cuban Missile Crisis happening again</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

Question 46

<p>What were the Nuclear treaties signed as a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis?</p>

Answer 46

<ul>
<li>In August 1963, the Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed. Both sides agreed that only underground tests of nuclear weapons would be allowed</li>
<li>The Soviets still continued to get as many and as powerful nuclear weapons as the USA. They achieved this in 1965</li>
<li>The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 agreed to limit the use of nuclear weapons in space</li>
<li>In 1968, both countries signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. This agreed that nuclear weapons could not be given to any other countries</li>
</ul>

Question 47

<p>When did the <strong>Warsaw Pact</strong> troops invade <strong>Czechoslovakia</strong>?</p>

Answer 47

<p>August 1968</p>