135 - GIT

Question 1

What three ways can vomiting be triggered?

Answer 1

Direct stimulation of neurons in emetic center
Direct stimulation of CRTZ (chemoreceptor trigger zone)
Distention, irritation of pharynx, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, peritoneum, kidney, gallbladder, uterus
Stimulation of nerves of inner ear involved with balance
Intracranial trauma, higher brain center stimulation, emotional stimuli

Question 2

What is an emetic?

Answer 2

Induces vomiting

Question 3

Explain the relationship of parasympatholytic to anticholinergic? And to cholinergic?

Answer 3

Parasympatholytic/anticholinergic agents decrease the rest/repose response to the vagus nerve (CNX), blocks hypermotility

Cholinergic

Question 4

Is an antidopaminergic the same as a dopaminergic antagonist or a dopaminergic agonist?

Answer 4

Dopaminergic antagonist

Question 5

List three ways to stimulate hydrochloric acid release in the stomach.

Answer 5

Increased ingestion of carbs in ruminants (grain overload)

Inhibition of PgE – surgery stress, renal failure, disease processes

Question 6

List the three classes of anti-ulcer agents.

Answer 6

H2 blocker
Proton pump inhibitor
Gastromucosal protectant

Question 7

How does each work – its MOA.

Answer 7

H2 blocker – causes less acid rebound, block H2 receptor in parietal cells of stomach
Omeprazole – proton pump inhibitor; acid pump blocker
Gastromucosal protectant – sucralfate – paste over ulcer site

Question 8

How does magnesium, calcium, or aluminum neutralize acid?

Answer 8

Non systemic antacids – neutralize acid molecules in stomach by chemically converting strong acid to weaker acid

Question 9

What is an antidiarrheal drug and when is one used?

Answer 9

Blocks hypersecretion of fluid, modifies intestinal motility

When toxin is not suspected

Question 10

List four causes of chronic diarrhea.

Answer 10

IBD
Malnutrition
Allergies, dietary intolerance
Parasites - Giardia

Question 11

List two classes of anti-diarrheal agents and their MOAs.

Answer 11

Anticholinergics/parasympatholytics –used as antispasmodics

Narcotics/ opiods – slows intestinal tract

Question 12

Why would two drugs be given with a 2-3 hour gap between them?

Answer 12

To prevent them from neutralizing each other; enable maximum effect of each drug

Question 13

How do laxatives, lubricants, and stool softeners differ in their MOAs?

Answer 13

Laxatives – bulk osmotically pull and retain fluid in intestines
Lubricants – ease passage of fecal material by reducing surface tension of feces
Stool softeners – acts as a wetting agent or surfactant

Question 14

Forms of “laxatives”.

Answer 14

Emollients – lubricants

Bulk - osmotically pull and retain fluid in intestines