13: The Normal Swallow Flashcards

Question

What is the facial role of the cranial nerve XII?

Answer 1

HYPOGLOSSAL- CONTROLS TONGUE MOVEMENT

Answer 2

The six key cranial nerves in speech and language therapy are: 1. Trigeminal 2. Facial 3. Glossopharyngeal 4. Vagus 5. Spinal accessory 6. Hypoglossal

Answer 3

The trigeminal nerve contains sensory and motor fibres that innervate the face. This is important in chewing

Answer 4

The facial nerve contains sensory and motor fibres that are important for sensation of the oropharynx and the anterior part of the tongue. This is important in swallowing

Answer 5

The glossopharyngeal contains sensory and motor fibres that important for the posterior tongue and functions of the pharynx. This is important in swallowing

Answer 6

The vagus is the only cranial nerve that goes below the neck. It contains sensory and motor fibres for the oropharynx and sensation and motor function to the pharynx and laryngopharynx. This initiates the cough reflex to prevent choking and protect the airways

Answer 7

The accessory nerve contains motor fibres that depress and tense the velum and innervates muscles of the neck. This is important in swallowing

Answer 8

The hypoglossal contains motor fibres to innervate the tongue. This is important in swallowing

Answer 9

The six stages of a normal swallow are: 1. Pre-oral 2. Oral preparatory phase 3. Oral phase 4. Early pharyngeal phase 5. Late pharyngeal phase 6. Oesophageal phase

Answer 10

Liquid is the quickest type of substance to swallow. It is still a bolus, so still needs saliva production to be swallowed

Answer 11

The pre-oral phase is the first stage of a normal swallow In this stage, the senses are stimulated and saliva is produced in preparation for the bolus

Answer 12

The oral preparatory phase is the second stage of the normal swallow It is a voluntary stage involving stabilising the floor of the mouth, positioning the food between the teeth The tongue collects pieces of food into a bolus and holds this towards the front centre of the palate, a seal is created within the mouth by the lips/tongue. Rotary jaw movement masticates the bolus. The posterior oral cavity is sealed off and the soft palate lowers to contact the back of the tongue and the airway is open

Answer 13

The oral phase is the third stage of the normal swallow It is mostly voluntary and involves the lips and buccal muscles contracting, posterior part of the tongue depressing and the anterior tongue elevating in a stripping action across the palate. The base of the tongue moves forwards and flattens into a chute, the tongue fleecing backwards on the hyoid bone and propelling the bolus into the oropharynx

Answer 14

The early pharyngeal phase is the fourth stage of the normal swallow It is involuntary. Respiration is interrupted, the soft palate is elevated and contracted against the posterior pharyngeal wall, which bulges to meet the tongue base. The larynx is elevated and the pharynx widens, with pharyngeal constrictors moving upwards and forwards

Answer 15

The late pharyngeal phase is the fifth stage of the normal swallow It is involuntary and involves the largyngeal vestibular losing. The arytenoids cause the vocal folds to abduct. Sphincteric action takes place and the epiglottis tips backward and downward due to the laryngeal elevation and anterior movement. The bolus sees pressure from above and the retraction of the tongue base. The epiglottis covers the laryngeal opening to divert the bolus into the pryiform sinuses. Contractual pharyngeal stripping waves squeeze the bolus down

Answer 16

The oesophageal phase is the final stage of the normal swallow This phase lasts for 3 seconds for liquids and 10-20 seconds for food. Peristaltic waves pass through the cricopharyngeus and oesophagus, which carries the bolus to the stomach. The cricopharyngeus then closes, and respiration resumes