1.3 The 6 hall marks of cancer? Flashcards
What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer?
Cancer cells can…
Stimulate uncontrolled proliferative growth…
Independent of normal cell growth factor control
Bypass mechanisms that normally prevent uncontrolled proliferative growth e.g. Tumour suppressor genes.
Enable replicative cell immortality…
because thy maintain their telomeres, the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, allowing them to divide indefinitely without undergoing senescence (cellular ageing) or apoptosis.
Evade programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Induce angiogenesis…
The formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) to supply oxygen and nutrients to tumors, facilitating cell growth and metastasis.
Activate invasion and metastasis…
Cancer cells can acquire the ability to invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites in the body, forming secondary tumours (metastases).
What are 4 emerging hallmarks of cancer?
Cancer cells can reprogram their metabolism… to support their rapid growth and proliferation, even under conditions of limited nutrient availability.
Cancer cells can evade detection and destruction by the immune system… allowing them to survive and proliferate unchecked.
Genome instability and mutation…Cancer cells can accumulate genetic mutations and genomic instability, leading to further genetic alterations that drive tumor progression.
Chronic inflammation can create a microenvironment that promotes tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, as well as providing survival signals to cancer cells.
These hallmarks collectively contribute to the development, progression, and survival of cancer cells, and they serve as targets for cancer therapy and research.
