13 - Social Psychology Flashcards
Actor-Observer Effect 13
We see behaviour is influenced by environment when judging ourselves and undeerstand when situational demands affect our behaviour in unusual ways. We may not have that same insight judging others.
Adaptive Conservatism 13
Evolutionary principle; creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different.
Aggression 13
Behaviour intended to harm others, either verbally or physically.
Altruism 13
Helping others for unselfish reasons.
Attitude 13
Belief that includes an emotional component.
Attribution 13
Process of assigning causes to behaviour.
Bystander Effect or Bystander Non-Intervention 13
Not calling 911 if someone being harmed or house on fire.
Cognitive Dissonance 13
Unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs; we change our behaviour, and sometimes it’s easier to change our original belief.
Compliance 13
Conforming without belief in what you are doing.
Conformity 13
Tendency of people to alter their behaviour as a result of group pressure.
Cult 13
Group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause.
Deindividuation 13
Tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities.
Demand Characterists 13
Different from Impression Management and Social Desirability.
Diffusion of Responsibility 13
Reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others.
Discrimination 13
Negative behaviour toward members of out-groups.
Door-in-the-Face Technique 13
Persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we’re hoping to have granted.
Dual Process Theory 13
The type of message (and our processing of it) influences likelihood of attitude change
Peripheral processing (superficial)
E.g. A catchy tune or cute animal on a commercial
Central processing (elaboration)
E.g. we’ve listened carefully and examined the merits of the product for ourselves
Which ‘route’ is taken depends on the relevance of the message to the target
Who is attempting to persuade you can also have an impact
Highly credible people/authority
Attractive/celebrities
If messenger is similar to receiver
Enlightenment Effect 13
Learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better.
Explicit Prejudice 13
Unfounded negative belief of which we’re aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group.
Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) Study 13
Participants given boring task (put plastic spools into a tray and take out repeaedly)
Some paid $1; some paid $20 to tell next person that the task was “very enjoyable.”
Participants debriefed after, were asked about their true feelings toward the task
Foot-in-the-Door Technique 13
Persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one.
Fundamental Attribution Error 13
Tendency to overestimate the influences of character traits/dispositional causes on other people’s behaviour.
Groupthink 13
Emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking.
Implicit Prejudice 13
Unfounded negative belief of which we’re unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group.
Impression Management Theory 13
Theory that we don’t really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes.
In-Group Bias 13
Tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group.
Inoculation Effect 13
Approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking those reasons.
Jigsaw Classroom 13
Educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project.
Just-World Hypothesis 13
Claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason.
Lowball Technique 13
Persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the “add-on” costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product.
Mass Hysteria 13
Outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion.
Obedience 13
Adherence to explicit instructions from those of higher authority.
Out-Group Homogeneity 13
Tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar.
Pluralistic Ignorance 13
Error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do.
Prejudice 13
Drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence.
Recognition heuristic 13
More likely to believe if we hear it a lot.
Relational Aggression 13
Form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumours, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation.
Scapegoat Hypothesis 13
Claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes.
Self-Perception Theory 13
Theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviours. Alternative explaination for Cognitive Dissonance and Festinger findings.
Social Loafing 13
Phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups.
Social Psychology 13
Study of how people influence others’ behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes.
Haney, Banks, Zimbardo Prison Study (1973) 13
Also known as the Stanford Prison Experiment
Stanford Prison Experiment 13
Is prison behaviour a result of the inherent character of people they house or does prison itself control behaviour?
Simulated prison in basement
Male University students screened for health, emotional stability
“psychological study on prison life”
“guards” or “prisoners” | Random assignment
Guards: taunted, insulted, & dehumanized prisoners
Prisoners: at first, tried to rebel; soon became passive; emotional disturbance
Loss of identity
Stereotype 13
A belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group.
Ultimate Attribution Error 13
Assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions.
Peripheral processing 13
E.g. A catchy tune or cute animal on a commercial superficially integrated into (un)consciousness.
Central processing 13
We’ve listened carefully and examined the merits of the product for ourselves.
Conformity | Maladaptive | Are Not 13
From the standpoint of an evolutionary approach to social behaviour; ___________ and __________ (are/aren’t) inherently maladaptive. 13
Interpersonal Provocation 13
Aggression between people becomes more likely when they provoke by insulting, threatening, or hitting.
Situational Influences 13
These affect aggression and can be short-term or long-term.
Frustration 13
When we are thwarted __________ can influence aggression.
Media Influences 13
Video games and other ______ ________can affect violence in both Western and Asian cultures.
Aggressive Cues | Discriminative Stimuli 13
_________ ____ associated with violence, such as guns and knives can serve as _________ ________ and can make us more likely to act violently in response to provokation.
Arousal 13
When our autonomic nervous sytems are hyped up we may mistakenly attribute this ________ to anger.
Alcohol and Drugs | Disinhibit | Inhibitions 13
Certain things like _________ and ________ can ________ our brain’s prefontal cortex, lowering _________ towards behaving violently.
Temperature | Warm Temperature | Irritability 13
Rate of violent crime in the US mirrors __________. ______ ___________ increases _______.
Laughing Hyena 13
The exception to aggression being prominant in males of the species.
40 | 45 13
There are between ___ and ___ Murders in the United States every day.
230 | 6 minutes 13
There are about _____ reported rapes every day in the US, about 1 every ___ __________.
Culture of Honour 13
People from the sourthern regions of the US are more likely than others to adhere to a _________ __ _______.
Religious | Religiosity 13
Depth of ___________ conviction. Conscientiousness in teenageers is more likely to result in increased levels of ___________ in adulthood.
Inherant Egotism Effect 13
We’re more likely to like someone or something that bears similarities to us.
Phantom Goal 13
Capitolizing on the desire to achieve unrealistic objectives.
Vivid Testimonials 13
Marketing technique which tells us about another’s personal experiences.
Manufacturing Source Credibility 13
We’re more likely to believe sources we believe to be trustworthy.
Scarcity Heuristic 13
Somethings rare so it must be valuable.
Concensus Heuristic 13
If most believe it works then it must.
the Natural Commonplace 13
Things that are natural must be good.
The Godess-Within Commonplace 13
Belief that we all possess a hidden mysetical side that science neglects or denies.
