11 - Emotion & Motivation Flashcards
Levels of Positive Psychology 11
the subjective level
the individual level
the group level
Motivation 11
Psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction.
Aristippus of Cyrene 11
Founder of the Cyrenaic school of Philosophy. A pupil of Socrates. Adopted “ethical hedonism;” the goal of life is to seek pleasure by circumstances to oneself and by maintaining proper control over both adversity and prosperity.
Cannon-Bard Theory 11
Theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simulta-neously to an emotion and to bodily reactions.
Leptin 11
Hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used.
Flow 11
Totally absorption in an activity where we don’t notice passage of time. Associated with high levels of satisfaction and subjective well-being.
Availability Heuristic 11
A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person’s mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision. Operates on the notion that if something can be recalled, it must be important, or at least more important than alternative solutions less readily recalled.
William James
Along with Carl Lange developed their theoy of emotion
James-Lange Theory of Emotion 11
Theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli.
We’re afraid because we run away from the bear.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis 11
Theory that blood vessels via expressions send temperature information to the brain, altering our experience of emotions.
Proximity 11
Physical nearness, a predictor of attraction.
Fear
Emotion relatively specific to the Amygdala.
Peak | End Rule
Experiences remembered by how the day Peaked and how it ended.
Broaden and Build Theory 11
Theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly.
Abraham Maslow 11
Developed the Hiarchy of Needs
Conflicting Drives 11
Too tired to get up and eat?
Eudaimonic View
“Self-realization.” Proposed by Aristotle. The good life” is about living in line with your core values.This may not always bring you ‘pleasure’ but emphasizes self-actualization, rather than following desire.
Defensive Pessimism 11
Strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes.
Intimate Distance 11
0 to .5 meters / 0 to 1.5 feet; typically used for kissing, hugging, whispeing “sweet nothings”, and affectionate touching.
Passionate Love 11
Love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one’s partner.
Bulimia Nervosa 11
Eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight.
Primary Emotions Combined
Alarm - Fear & Surprise
Hatred - Anger & Disgust
Schadenfreude - Happiness, Anger, & Pride
Cognitive Theories of Emotion 11
Theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking What we feel in response to a situation is determined by how we interpret it. There are no discrete emotions because there are as many emotions as there are kinds of thoughts.
Positivity Effect 11
Tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age.
Anorexia Nervosa 11
Eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight.
Incentive Theories 11
Theories proposing that we’re often motivated by positive goals.
Affective Forecasting 11
Ability to predict our own and others’ happiness.
Hierarchy of Needs 11
Model, developed by Abraham Maslow, proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs.
Carl Lange 11
Along with William James developed their theoy of emotion
Clinician’s Illusion 11
Psychologists and Doctors only see people who are not healthy and thus underestimate resiliancy and overestimate fragility.
Drive Reduction Theory 11
Theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states.
Orgasm (climax) Phase 11
Phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women.
Melanocortin-4 Receptor Gene
In about 6% of severe obesity, responsability lies with a mutation in a major _______ _ _______ _______.
Duchenne Smile
A genuine smile associated with increased activity of the front region of the left hemisphere; appears to be specialized for positive emotions.
Pam Am Smile
Expression marked by the movement of the mouth but not the eyes. A fake smile.
Proxemics 11
Study of personal space.
Somatic Marker Theory 11
Theory proposing that we use our “gut reactions ” to help us determine how we should act.
Reasons for Increased Happiness 11
- Marriage
- Friendships
- College/University
- Religion
- Political Affiliation
- Exercise
- Gratitude
- Giving
- Flow
Stimulus Hunger 11
Need for stimulation
Pure Autonomic Failure (PAF) 11
Marked by a deterioration of utonomic nervous system neurons beginning in middle age.
Resolution Phase 11
Phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being.
Lateral Hypothalamus 11
The Feeding Centre
Stimulate rat eats; destroy rat starves
Lower/Ventromedial
Stimulate rat starves; lesion rat eats
Homeostasis 11
Equilibrium.
Jerome Singer 11
With Stanley Schachter proposed the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Levels of Personal Space 11
- Public Distance
- Social Distance
- Personal Distance
- Intimate Distance
Internal–External Theory 11
Theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues.
Pinocchio Response 11
Supposedly perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying.
Hedonic Treadmill 11
Tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances.
- We’re poor at predicting what makes us happy.
- Life circumstances can temporarily shift our happiness level, but we return to our set point shortly thereafter.
- We have a durability bias when thinking about our moods. We think they will last longer than they actually do.
- We have a happiness “set point” – our baseline level of hippiness
- We adapt to our circumstances (the hedonic treadmill)
- “Happiness is a process, not a place”
Personal Distance 11
.5 to 1.25 meters / 1.5 to 4 feet; typically used for conversation among close freinds or romantic partners.
Companionate Love 11
Love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one’s partner.
Discrete Emotions vs Non-Discrete Emotions
Some emotions appear to be discrete and show different patterns of brain activation; disgust, anger, fear (though multiple regions participate in all emotions and there is no specific “fear processor” or “anger processor”).
Integrity Test 11
Questionnaire that presumably assesses workers’ tendency to steal or cheat.
Automatic Generation of Behaviour / Emotion
Reasearch suggests _________ _________ of _________ in humans, with no voluntary influence on our part. The same may hold true for __________.
Social Distance 11
1.25 to 3 meters / 4 to 12 feet; typically used for conversation among strongers and casual aquaintances.
Excitement Phase 11
Phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it.
Plateau Phase 11
Phase in human sexual response in which sexual tension builds.
Stanley Schachter 11
With Jerome Singer proposed the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Similarity 11
Extent to which we have things in common with others, a predictor of attraction.
Public Distance 11
3 meters / 12 ft or more; typically used for public speaking or lecturing.
4 Approch Avoidance Conflicts 11
- Aproach Aproach
- Avoidance Avoidance
- Approch
Avoidance
- Double-Approach Avoid
Approach Approach
Avoidance Avoidance
Reciprocity 11
Rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction.
Schadenfreude
Glee we experience at the misfortune of others, especially those we consider arrogant.
Two-Factor Theory 11
Theory proposing that emotions are produced by
a) an undifferentiated state of arousal along with
b) an attribution (explanation) of that arousal.
*Being aroused intensifies emotions (bridge/roller coaster)
Few groups are good at detecting lies at better than 50% accuracy. They are: 11
- Law Enforcement
- Secret Service
- Judges
- Specialized Clinical Psychologists
Brain Activation of Happiness and Sadness 11
Emotions not especially different in their brain response.
Guilty Knowledge Test 11
Alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbour concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don’t (GKT).
Durability Bias 11
Belief that both our good and our bad moods will last longer than they do.
Philip Bard 11
With Walter Cannon, proposed theory that an emotion-provoking event leads simulta-neously to an emotion and to bodily reactions.
Barbara Fredrickson 11
Developed Broaden and Build Theory
Display Rules 11
Cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions.
Christoper Peterson and Martin Seligman 11
They identified numerous charcter strenghts and virtues as essential to Positive Psychology
Primary Emotions 11
Small number of emotions (perhaps seven) believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal.
- Happiness
- Sadness
- Surprise
- Anger
- Disgust
- Fear
- Contempt
- Maybe Pride
Set Point 11
Value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain.
Glucostatic Theory 11
Theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose.
Yerkes-Dodson Law 11
Inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand and mood and performance on the other hand.
Anger
Emotion relatively specific to a region in the frontal cortex behind our eyes
Walter Cannon 11
Identified the Flight or Fight response. With Philip Bard proposed theory that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions.
Positive Psychology 11
Discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths.
Nonverbal Leakage 11
Unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour.
Discrete Emotions Theory 11
Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology.
Emphasize the biological underpinnings of emotion. Emotions are largely innate motor programs triggered by stimuli and our emotional reactions to the stimuli preced our interpretation of them.
Disgust
Emotion relatively specific to the insula, a region within the limbic system.
Emotion 11
Mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences.
