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Alevel Biology > 1.3 Risk factors for cardiovascular disease + 1.4 Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

1.3 Risk factors for cardiovascular disease + 1.4 Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What are scientists who study risk called?

A

Epidemiologists

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2
Q

What are the two types of study?

A
  • Cohort

- Case control

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3
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

A study which follows a group of people over a period of time to see if they get a disease. Those who do and do not get the disease are compared to try and identify correlations

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4
Q

What are three factors of a cohort study?

A
  • It is prospective
  • It can take years to carry out
  • It can be very expensive
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5
Q

The first cohort study which started in 1984 - 1971 - 2002 - present day identified which risk factors as contributors to the development of CVD? (6)

A
  • High blood pressure
  • High blood cholesterol
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
  • Physical risk factors.
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6
Q

Name a cohort study and when it took place

A

The Framingham Heart study which took place from 1948 to present day

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7
Q

What is a case control study?

A

When you get two groups one with and one without the disease. Information is collected about risk factors they have been exposed to in the past and then compare them to see similarities and differences between the groups.

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8
Q

Are cohort studies retrospective or prospective?

A

prospective

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9
Q

Are case control studies retrospective or prospective?

A

Retrospective

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10
Q

Name a case control study

A

INTERHEART

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11
Q

What type of sugar is glucose?

A

Hexose

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12
Q

Is glucose a mono or disaccharide?

A

It is a monosaccharide.

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13
Q

How can glucose’s’ structure be represented? (2)

A
  • Alpha

- Beta.

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14
Q

What doe water molecules attract and why?

A

Different ions because it is has opposite charges

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15
Q

How can water transport different molecules in cells?

A

Because it is a liquid at room temperature

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16
Q

Why does water float when it freezes?

A

When water gets cold and freezes it gets less dense due to the water molecules forming hydrogen bonds with the others creating a lattice which allows it to float.

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17
Q

Why are water molecules polar?

A

Because they consist of two positively charged hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a negatively charged oxygen atom

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18
Q

Why is the transparency of water important? (2)

A

It means that organisms whose habitat is underwater can survive as sunlight can easily pass through it and reach photosynthetic plants which oxygenate the water for other marine organisms.

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19
Q

What are the properties of water? (5)

A
  • Polarised
  • High S.H.C (liquid at room temperature)
  • Transparent
  • Cohesive
  • Adhesive
20
Q

What is a glycosidic bond and how is it formed?

A

A bond formed between two monosaccharides through a condensation reaction

21
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

A class of diseases that involve the heart and blood vessels

22
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do and how?

A

Reduces blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels

23
Q

What are the benefits of ACE inhibitors? (2)

A
  • Reduces chance of: damage to artery walls

- Reduces the formation of atheromas.

24
Q

What are the risks of ACE inhibitors? (4)

A
  • Persistent dry coughs
  • Headaches
  • Dizziness
  • Rash
25
Q

What do calcium channel blockers do and how?

A

Reduce blood pressure by widening the vlood vessles

26
Q

What are the benefits of Calicum channel blockers? (2)

A
  • Reduces chance of damage to artery walls

- Reduces chance of formation of atheromas.

27
Q

What are the risks of Calcium channel blockers? (3)

A
  • Headaches
  • Constipation
  • Swollen ankles.
28
Q

What do Diuretics do and how?

A

Reduces the concentration of water and salts and reduces blood pressure by flushing excess water and salts out of the body through your urine

29
Q

What do statins do and how?

A

Reduce the production of LDL cholesterol by the liver which reduces the risk of developing CVD by inhibiting the enzymes which are involved in the production of LDL cholesterol

30
Q

What does aspirin do and how?

A

Reduces the likelihood of a blood clot forming by reducing the stickiness of platelets which lowers the risk of blood clotting

31
Q

What is clopidogrel and what does it do?

A

It’s a Platelet inhibitory drug It which makes your blood thinner meaning blood flows through the veins more easily

32
Q

What are the benefits of Diuretics? (3)

A
  • Reduces risk of high BP
  • Reduces the risk of stroke
  • Reduces the risk of heart failure
    etc…
33
Q

What are the benefits of statins? (2)

A

Quickly reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke.

34
Q

What are the benefits of aspirin?

A

Significantly lowers the risk of developing a blood clot, which means blood pressure isn’t affected

35
Q

What are the benefits of clopidogrel?

A

Lowers the risk of a dangerous blood clot forming

36
Q

What are the risks of diuretics? (5)

A
  • Dizziness when standing
  • Increased first
  • Increased frequency of needing the toilet
  • Rash
  • Low potassium + sodium levels after long term use
37
Q

What are the risks of clopidogrel? (5)

A
  • Bleeding more easily
  • Diarrhoea
  • Stomach pain
  • Indigestion
  • Heartburn
38
Q

What are the risks of statins? (7)

A
  • Tiredness
  • Disturbed sleep
  • Feeling sick
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
  • Headache
  • Muscle weakness.
39
Q

What are the risks of aspirin? (2)

A
  • People can be allergic.

- People can experience bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract

40
Q

What are the risks of warfarin? (5)

A
  • Severe bleeding
  • Headaches
  • Stomach pain
  • Joint pain
  • Swelling.
41
Q

What are the benefits of warfarin? (2)

A
  • Can be taken for extended periods of time.

- Prevents stroke and atrial fibrillation

42
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars

43
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

These are ‘double sugars’ formed from two monosaccharides

44
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

These are large molecules formed from mant monosaccharides

45
Q

What makes up maltose? What is its glycosidic bond?

A

2 glucose joined by a 1-4 glycosidic bond

46
Q

What makes up sucrose? What is its glycosidic bond?

A

1 glucose + 1 fructose joined by a 1-4 glycosidic bond

47
Q

What makes up lactose? What is its glycosidic bond?

A

1 galactose + 1 glucose joined by a 1-4 glycosidic bond

Alevel Biology (6 decks)

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