1.3 Risk factors for cardiovascular disease + 1.4 Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease Flashcards
What are scientists who study risk called?
Epidemiologists
What are the two types of study?
- Cohort
- Case control
What is a cohort study?
A study which follows a group of people over a period of time to see if they get a disease. Those who do and do not get the disease are compared to try and identify correlations
What are three factors of a cohort study?
- It is prospective
- It can take years to carry out
- It can be very expensive
The first cohort study which started in 1984 - 1971 - 2002 - present day identified which risk factors as contributors to the development of CVD? (6)
- High blood pressure
- High blood cholesterol
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Physical risk factors.
Name a cohort study and when it took place
The Framingham Heart study which took place from 1948 to present day
What is a case control study?
When you get two groups one with and one without the disease. Information is collected about risk factors they have been exposed to in the past and then compare them to see similarities and differences between the groups.
Are cohort studies retrospective or prospective?
prospective
Are case control studies retrospective or prospective?
Retrospective
Name a case control study
INTERHEART
What type of sugar is glucose?
Hexose
Is glucose a mono or disaccharide?
It is a monosaccharide.
How can glucose’s’ structure be represented? (2)
- Alpha
- Beta.
What doe water molecules attract and why?
Different ions because it is has opposite charges
How can water transport different molecules in cells?
Because it is a liquid at room temperature
Why does water float when it freezes?
When water gets cold and freezes it gets less dense due to the water molecules forming hydrogen bonds with the others creating a lattice which allows it to float.
Why are water molecules polar?
Because they consist of two positively charged hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a negatively charged oxygen atom
Why is the transparency of water important? (2)
It means that organisms whose habitat is underwater can survive as sunlight can easily pass through it and reach photosynthetic plants which oxygenate the water for other marine organisms.
What are the properties of water? (5)
- Polarised
- High S.H.C (liquid at room temperature)
- Transparent
- Cohesive
- Adhesive
What is a glycosidic bond and how is it formed?
A bond formed between two monosaccharides through a condensation reaction
What is cardiovascular disease?
A class of diseases that involve the heart and blood vessels
What do ACE inhibitors do and how?
Reduces blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels
What are the benefits of ACE inhibitors? (2)
- Reduces chance of: damage to artery walls
- Reduces the formation of atheromas.
What are the risks of ACE inhibitors? (4)
- Persistent dry coughs
- Headaches
- Dizziness
- Rash
