1.1 What is cardiovascular disease?

Question 1

What do veins transport? (2)

Answer 1

• Oxygenated blood to the body

- Deoxygenated blood to the heart

Question 2

What do arteries transport? (2)

Answer 2

• Deoxygenated blood to the lungs

- Oxygenated blood to the body

Question 3

What do the arteries regulate?

Answer 3

Blood pressure

Question 4

What is blood pressure like in the arteries?

Answer 4

High

Question 5

What do capillaries transfer to and from cells? (3)

Answer 5

• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Waste materials

Question 6

How thick are capillary walls?

Answer 6

One cell thick

Question 7

What is blood pressure like in the capillaries?

Answer 7

Low

Question 8

What is the function of circulatory systems in animals?

Answer 8

The transport oxygen carbon dioxide and waste products from metabolic reactions around the body

Question 9

How do single cell organisms survive without a transport system?

Answer 9

They have a small volume to surface area ratio meaning they can instead only use diffusion and don’t need blood to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste

Question 10

What are amoebas?

Answer 10

Single cell organisms

Question 11

What are the components which make up the circulatory system? (3)

Answer 11

• Heart
• Vessels
• Blood

Question 12

What is an open circulatory system?

Answer 12

When ‘blood’ is called the haemolymph and travels through short vessels and into a large cavity called the haemocoel

Question 13

What is a closed circulatory system?

Answer 13

When blood is fully enclosed within blood vessels at all times.

Question 14

What is a double circulatory system? (2)

Answer 14

When there is a 4 chambered heart which blood goes through twice.
The Blood is separated - oxygenated/deoxygenated.

Question 15

What is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 15

The one loop where blood goes off to the lungs to pick up oxygen

Question 16

What is systemic circulation?

Answer 16

Where blood goes to the rest of the body and not the lungs.

Question 17

How do vessels maintain blood pressure? (2)

Answer 17

• By expanding to reduce pressure

- By recoiling to reduce pressure

Question 18

What is the function of valves?

Answer 18

They prevent the backflow of blood

Question 19

What is the amount of elastic tissue like in the arteries, veins and capillaries? (3)

Answer 19

• A = Large amount
• V = Small amount
• C = None

Question 20

What is the amount of smooth muscle like in the arteries, veins and capillaries? (3)

Answer 20

• A = Relatively large amount
• V = Small amount
• C = None

Question 21

What is the is the thickness of walls like in the arteries, veins and capillaries? (3)

Answer 21

• A = Relatively thick
• V = Relatively thin
• C = One cell thick

Question 22

What is the endothelium like in the arteries, veins and capillaries and why? (3)

Answer 22

• A = Smooth to allow fast flow of blood
• V = Smooth to allow fast flow of blood
• C = Thin with pores to allow for quick exchange of substances with tissues

Question 23

What is the presence of valves like in the arteries, veins and capillaries? (3)

Answer 23

• A = Only in the aorta and pulmonary artery as they leave the heart
• V = Many
• C = None

Question 24

What is the diameter of the lumen like in the arteries, veins and capillaries? (3)

Answer 24

• A = Relatively small
• V = Relatively large
• C = Tiny

Question 25

What is an electrocardiogram?

Answer 25

It checks your heart's rhythm and electrical activity. Sensors are attached to the chest to detect electrical impulse

Question 26

What can electrocardiograms be used to find?

Answer 26

- Arrhythmias (Irregular beats) - Coronary heart disease (heart’s blood supply is blocked by fat build ups) - Heart attacks (supply of blood is blocked suddenly) - Cardiomyopathy (Heart walls become thickened or enlarged)

Question 27

What is the SAN and what's its function?

Answer 27

Sino-atrial node: the patch of muscles in the heart which control the heart rate (pace-maker)

Question 28

What is the AVN and what is its function?

Answer 28

Atrio-ventricular node: a small patch of conducting fibres

Question 29

What type of circulatory system do insects have?

Answer 29

Closed

Question 30

What are the components of blood and what are their functions? (4)

Answer 30

- Platelets (cause blood clotting) - Red blood cells (They transport nutrients and waste clots around the body using the circulatory system) - White blood cells (part of the immune system, Produce antibodies, antitoxins and engulf pathogens) - Plasma (the liquid that the other components move in, contains urea.)

Question 31

What is thromboplastin? (2)

Answer 31

- A protein | - An activated enzyme

Question 32

What are the six stages of the simplified blood clotting cascade?

Answer 32

- Platelets stick to a damaged wall forming a platelet plug. - Thromboplastin is then released from the damaged tissue and platelets - Thromboplastin activates an enzyme which converts prothrombin (protein) into thrombin (enzyme) - For this to happen you must have vitamin K and calcium ions in the blood - Thrombin catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble) - forms a sticky mesh which sticks everything together - A mesh of fibres traps more platelets forming a clot

Question 33

What is Fibrinogen converted into? What does this then form?

Answer 33

- Fibrin | - A mesh

Question 34

What two things do you need to cause blood clotting?

Answer 34

- Vitamin K | - Calcium ions

Question 35

What is atrial fibrillation?

Answer 35

A heart condition that causes an irregular and often abnormally fast heart rate

Question 36

What doe thromboplastin cause the conversion of?

Answer 36

Prothrombin to Thrombin

Question 37

What does myogenic mean?

Answer 37

The muscle contracts automatically without the need of an electrical impulse

Question 38

What is the solubilty of fibrinogen and fibrin?

Answer 38

- Fibrinogen = Soluble | - Fibrin = Insoluble

Question 39

What are the 7 stages of simplified atherosclerosis?

Answer 39

- Endothelium of artery damaged (eg by high pressure) - Once lining is breached you get an inflammatory response and WBC enter artery wall - These cells accumulate cholesterol and an atheroma (fatty deposit) builds up - CA salts and fibrous tissue builds up resulting in a plaque - This plaque decreases elasticity and the artery hardens and the lumen narrows - Blood pressure increases - This is positive feedback. Increasing BP = more plaques and more damage

Question 40

Why does atherosclerosis only occur in the arteries?

Answer 40

They have a higher risk because the blood is at a higher pressure meaning that the walls get damaged

Question 41

Do you need an atheroma to form a blood clot?

Answer 41

No

Question 42

What are the consequences of atherosclerosis? (2)

Answer 42

- Coronary heart disease | - Stroke

Question 43

What are the symptoms of coronary heart disease? (4)

Answer 43

- Angina - Fatigue - Shortness of breath - Tiredness

Question 44

What are the symptoms of stroke? (6)

Answer 44

- Numbness - Dizziness - Confusion - Slurred speech - Blurred or lost vision - Paralysis on one side

Question 45

What is angina?

Answer 45

Chest pain

Question 46

What is coronary heart disease? And what is it caused by?

Answer 46

The narrowing of the coronary arteries which limits the amount of oxygen-rich blood reaching the heart. It is a condition caused by atherosclerosis.

Question 47

Why does CHD cause angina?

Answer 47

It causes the excessive exertion of the cardiac muscle as it is working harder and needs to respire more