1.3 Respiration in Animals Flashcards
how is energy released by cellular respiration?
by breaking down sugar and other metabolic substances
which gases are exchanged between the environment and the cells undergoing respiration?
oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
what is gas exchange?
the constant demand of oxygen and continuous elimination of carbon dioxide
it is the gas exchange between the environment and respiratory organ
external respiration
it is the gas exchange between capillary blood and tissue fluid
internal respiration
what are the effective mechanisms for breathing
- ensure continual supply of fresh air in lungs
- large diffusion gradient for gas exchange
the diffusion rate across surfaces is influenced by several factors according to what law?
Fick’s Law
Fick’s Law formula
(surface area of membrane)(difference in concentration across membrane)/ thickness of membrane
how do gas exchange surfaces increase the efficiency of the rate of diffusion?
- immediately supplies needed gases in the cell
- removes unwanted gas
these are special surfaces used to facilitate gas exchange
gas exchange surfaces
gas exchange surfaces provide means for:
- oxygen to enter
- carbon dioxide to leave through diffusion
properties of gas exchange surfaces
- consists of a thin membrane
- have a large surface area
- moist
the difference in concentration across membrane is increased by ___
- introduction of pumps
- external ventilation
- countercurrent exchange mechanisms
these can be accessory organs or adapted mechanisms of organisms
difference in concentration across membrane
the thickness of membrane can be reduced by ___
developing a simple epithelium adjacent with endothelial lining of capillary
what influences gas exchange mechanisms?
- organism’s body form
- habitat
gas exchange mechanism exhibited by large animals living in moist areas
cutaneous respiration/ integumentary exchange
what is countercurrent exchange mechanism?
circulating blood flows in opposite direction of surrounding fluid/ absorbing oxygen
these are filamentous structures that can be internal/external
gills
these are effective gas exchange devices for animals living underwater
gills
cutaneous respiration/ integumentary exchange is inadequate to animals exceeding the diameter of ___
1 mm.
gas exchange process of fishes
- water enters through mouth
- passes through gills
- exits through operculum
how is oxygen diffused from the water taken by the fish?
oxygen moves from water (high partial pressure) to blood (low partial pressure)
it is gas transport in a system of branching tubes called trachea or tracheal tubes
tracheal system
how does the tracheal system work?
gases move by diffusion across moist lining directly to and from tissues
what does the small amount of liquid at the end of a tracheal tube do?
- it regulates the movement of gases
- changes surface area of air in contact with cells
gas exchange device possessed by air-breathing vertebrates
lungs
why do birds have several air sacs?
they serve as reservoirs during ventilation
a bird’s anterior and posterior air sacs function as ____
bellows
a bird’s anterior and posterior air sacs function as bellows for what reasons
to keep air in lungs flowing continuously and in one direction
amphibians make use of what kind of gas exchange?
surface gas exchange
frogs have lungs that employ a _____
positive pressure mechanism (air is pushed into lungs)
how does gas exchange occur for aquatic insects?
by developing tracheal gills to increase surface area where gases can diffuse
how does gas exchange occur for tadpoles?
they develop gills which are lost as they grow into adults
how does gas exchange occur for animal-like protists?
by simple diffusion across cell surface
how does gas exchange occur for jellyfishes?
increases surface area by having ruffles
how does gas exchange occur for tube worms?
by feathery extensions in the water
how does gas exchange occur in spiders?
by having book lungs and trachea
