1.3 Respiration in Animals

Question 1

how is energy released by cellular respiration?

Answer 1

by breaking down sugar and other metabolic substances

Question 2

which gases are exchanged between the environment and the cells undergoing respiration?

Answer 2

oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

Question 3

what is gas exchange?

Answer 3

the constant demand of oxygen and continuous elimination of carbon dioxide

Question 4

it is the gas exchange between the environment and respiratory organ

Answer 4

external respiration

Question 5

it is the gas exchange between capillary blood and tissue fluid

Answer 5

internal respiration

Question 6

what are the effective mechanisms for breathing

Answer 6

• ensure continual supply of fresh air in lungs

- large diffusion gradient for gas exchange

Question 7

the diffusion rate across surfaces is influenced by several factors according to what law?

Answer 7

Fick’s Law

Question 8

Fick’s Law formula

Answer 8

(surface area of membrane)(difference in concentration across membrane)/ thickness of membrane

Question 9

how do gas exchange surfaces increase the efficiency of the rate of diffusion?

Answer 9

• immediately supplies needed gases in the cell

- removes unwanted gas

Question 10

these are special surfaces used to facilitate gas exchange

Answer 10

gas exchange surfaces

Question 11

gas exchange surfaces provide means for:

Answer 11

• oxygen to enter

- carbon dioxide to leave through diffusion

Question 12

properties of gas exchange surfaces

Answer 12

• consists of a thin membrane
• have a large surface area
• moist

Question 13

the difference in concentration across membrane is increased by ___

Answer 13

• introduction of pumps
• external ventilation
• countercurrent exchange mechanisms

Question 14

these can be accessory organs or adapted mechanisms of organisms

Answer 14

difference in concentration across membrane

Question 15

the thickness of membrane can be reduced by ___

Answer 15

developing a simple epithelium adjacent with endothelial lining of capillary

Question 16

what influences gas exchange mechanisms?

Answer 16

• organism’s body form

- habitat

Question 17

gas exchange mechanism exhibited by large animals living in moist areas

Answer 17

cutaneous respiration/ integumentary exchange

Question 18

what is countercurrent exchange mechanism?

Answer 18

circulating blood flows in opposite direction of surrounding fluid/ absorbing oxygen

Question 19

these are filamentous structures that can be internal/external

Answer 19

gills

Question 20

these are effective gas exchange devices for animals living underwater

Answer 20

gills

Question 21

cutaneous respiration/ integumentary exchange is inadequate to animals exceeding the diameter of ___

Answer 21

1 mm.

Question 22

gas exchange process of fishes

Answer 22

1. water enters through mouth
2. passes through gills
3. exits through operculum

Question 23

how is oxygen diffused from the water taken by the fish?

Answer 23

oxygen moves from water (high partial pressure) to blood (low partial pressure)

Question 24

it is gas transport in a system of branching tubes called trachea or tracheal tubes

Answer 24

tracheal system

Question 25

how does the tracheal system work?

Answer 25

gases move by diffusion across moist lining directly to and from tissues

Question 26

what does the small amount of liquid at the end of a tracheal tube do?

Answer 26

• it regulates the movement of gases

- changes surface area of air in contact with cells

Question 27

gas exchange device possessed by air-breathing vertebrates

Answer 27

lungs

Question 28

why do birds have several air sacs?

Answer 28

they serve as reservoirs during ventilation

Question 29

a bird’s anterior and posterior air sacs function as ____

Answer 29

bellows

Question 30

a bird’s anterior and posterior air sacs function as bellows for what reasons

Answer 30

to keep air in lungs flowing continuously and in one direction

Question 31

amphibians make use of what kind of gas exchange?

Answer 31

surface gas exchange

Question 32

frogs have lungs that employ a _____

Answer 32

positive pressure mechanism (air is pushed into lungs)

Question 33

how does gas exchange occur for aquatic insects?

Answer 33

by developing tracheal gills to increase surface area where gases can diffuse

Question 34

how does gas exchange occur for tadpoles?

Answer 34

they develop gills which are lost as they grow into adults

Question 35

how does gas exchange occur for animal-like protists?

Answer 35

by simple diffusion across cell surface

Question 36

how does gas exchange occur for jellyfishes?

Answer 36

increases surface area by having ruffles

Question 37

how does gas exchange occur for tube worms?

Answer 37

by feathery extensions in the water

Question 38

how does gas exchange occur in spiders?

Answer 38

by having book lungs and trachea