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OBSTETRICS 1.0 > 1.3 Placenta, Fetal membranes, Placental Hormones > Flashcards

1.3 Placenta, Fetal membranes, Placental Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

signals the start of cascade of events that will ensure the nourishment and growth of the product of conception

A

Fertilization

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2
Q

What is the product of conception

A

zygote

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3
Q

what day after fertilization where zygote is cleaved into blastomeres?

A

day 0-2

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4
Q

day when morulla is formed and enters uterine cavity

A

Day 3

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5
Q

What is formed during day 4-5?

A

Blastocyst

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6
Q

what is the fate of:

a) inner cell mass
b) outer cell mass

A

a) embryo

b) trophoblast

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7
Q

this event is signalled by the disappearance of the zona pellucida

A

implantation of blastocyst

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8
Q

the adhesion to the endometrial epithelium of the blastocyst (commonly at he upper posterior wall of uterus)

A

Apposition

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9
Q

Apposition occurs when?

A

day 5-6

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10
Q

at this day (a), the blastocyst is completely enveloped by maternal endometrium which is called (b)

A

a) day 9

b) decidua capsularis

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11
Q

at this day,the trophoblast is contiguous with the endometrium forming a syncytium

A

day 10

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12
Q

what are the 2 distinguishable layers of trophoblast and categorize to which side (maternal, embryonic)

A

Syncytiotrophoblast (Maternal side)

Cytotrophoblast (Embryonic side)

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13
Q

when does the layers of trophoblast become distinguishable?

A

Day 12

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14
Q

this provide the attachment of blastocyst to the decidua

A

trophoblast

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15
Q

trapped to form lacunae which soon become filled with blood

A

Spiral arteries (maternal)

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16
Q

subdivision of extravillous trophoblasts

A

Endovascular

Interstitial

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17
Q

invade and transform spiral arteries during pregnancy to create low resistance blood flow

A

Endovascular Trophoblasts

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18
Q

what do interstitial trophoblast invade specifically?

A

invade DECIDUA and SPIRAL ARTERIES

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19
Q

it is a period where the lacunae join together to form a complicated labyrinthem partitioned by solid trophoblastic columns

A

Lacunar Period

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20
Q

Lacunae will soon become the?

A

intervillous spaces

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21
Q

What are the cascade of events that happens during the 12th day of conception? (5)

A
  1. distinguished trophoblast (Syncytio and Cyto)
  2. distinguished embryonic poles (outer and inner)
  3. Trophoblastic invasion of the spiral arteries
  4. division of trophoblast outside the villus
  5. Lacunar period
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22
Q

characterized by the formation of primary and secondary villi (days)

A

13-19

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23
Q

what is the origin of primary villus?

A

solid cellular columns (from lacunar period)

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24
Q

What is the origin of the secondary villus?

A

when solid stalks (primary villus) are invaded by mesenchymal chord

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25
what is the fate of the body stalk?
forms the Umbilical cord
26
the fetal membrane closest to the heart
Amnion
27
when does maternal blood enter the intervillous space?
day 14-15
28
this phenomenon is necessary for the intrauterine oxygen exchange. manner by which blood enters the intervillous space via the spiral arteries
Fountain-like burst
29
what are the cascade of events during the 13-19 post fertilization?
1. Primary villus formation 2. secondary villus formation 3. Body stalk formation 4. Amnion formation 5. maternal blood enters intervillous space in a fountain like burst manner
30
what is formed when there is angiogenesis in the mesenchymal cores
tertiary villus
31
What is the pathology when there is absence of angiogenesis (failure of tertiary villus to form)
Hydatid mole (H. mole)
32
What are the clinical features of H.mole?
Ectopic pregnancy Bleeding Abortion
33
when does the fetoplacental circulation establishes itself?
day 17
34
What are the events that occur during 19-21 days postfertilization?
1. formation of tertiary villi 2. formation of fetal capillaries 3. fetoplacental circulation
35
what completes the formation of fetoplacental circulation?
connection of blood vessels of the embryo to the chorionic blood vessels
36
what happens during days 21-40?
1. formation of Chorionic frondosum 2. roof and floor formation of the intervillous space 3. formation of placental septa
37
the proliferation of chorionic villi that is in contact with the decidua basalis forms?
Chorionic frondosum
38
what is the other term for chorionic frondosum?
Leafy chorion
39
the roof and floor components of the intervillous spaces are composed of?
Roof: chorionic plate Floor: cytotrophoblasts from the cell column
40
it consists of decidual tissue encasing trophoblastic elements with fetal and maternal componnets
Placental Septa
41
Day 40-50 events
1. cotyledon formation | 2. fromation of chorion laeve
42
which of the following forms the placental cotyledon? a) stem villi b) anchoring villi
Stem villi
43
blood supply and venous nature of the chorion frondosum at the endometrial cavity is lost which forms the?
Chorion Laeve
44
Decidua capsularis + decidua parietalis
Decidua Vera
45
time frames of Early pregnancy and Late pregnancy clinically.
Early pregnancy 8weeks
46
Describe the following in the Early pregnancy 1. Syncytial layer 2. Cytotrophoblast 3. Hobauer cells 4. Chronic stroma 5. Fetal capillaries
1. thick 2. increase prominence, volume 3. increase prominence, volume 4. increase Abundance, loose 5. decrease prominent, number *typically LATE PREGNANCY has the opposite findings.SO MEMORIZE!
47
the fetal surface of the placenta is covered by the
Amnion
48
there is no connection between maternal circulation and fetal circulation. T/F
True
49
a low resistance unit that allows the exchange of oxygen as blood stays in the placenta
Placental Circulation
50
this organ ensures blood supply to the fetus during labor
Placenta
51
what is the course fetal circulation
``` Umbilical artery Mother oxygenated blood umbilical vein deoxygenated blood ```
52
when does end diastolic flow appear in the umbilical artery?
week 10
53
deoxygenated blood from the fetus course through the _____ to the mother
2 umbilical arteries
54
what are the charateristics of the amnion at term/birth?
Tough pliable tenacious
55
T/F.the amnion is vascularized.
False
56
it provides most of the tensile strength of fetal membranes
Amnion
57
the amnion is identifiable at what day of pregnancy?
7th-8th day
58
the acellular outer layer of the amnion is called
Zona spongiosa
59
which of the following is the composition of the fetal membrane when there is twin pregnancy? a) 2 amnions, 1 chorion b) 1 amnion, 1 chorion c) 1 amnion, 2 chorions
All are possible.
60
this structure extends from the fetal umbilicus to the fetal surface of the placenta or chorionic plate
Umbilical cord
61
average length of the umbilical cord
55cm
62
average diameter of the umbilical cord
0.6-2.0 cm
63
the extra cellular matrix of the umbilical cord is called the
wharton's jelly
64
the umbilical cord is composed of what 3 main vessels?
2 umbilical arteries | 1 umbilical vein
65
the oxygenated blood form the umbilical vein empties into the IVC via what fetal bypass?
Ductus venosus
66
true or false. both Placenta and trophoblast cells are endocrine organs
true
67
earliest hormonal signal for pregnancy
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
68
when is HCG detected in the maternal circulation?
8-9 days post ovulation
69
hcg ca be synthesized by the kidney. T/F.
True
70
the doubling time of hCG
1.7-2 days
71
what are the characteristics of the subunits of hCG: a) alpha b) Beta
Alpha: shared with LH, TSH and FSH Beta: unique thus it is the one being detected
72
when does hCG reaches its peak concentration?
@ 10 weeks (50000-100000 mIU/mL) | *responsible for vomiting
73
hCG is secreted by what cells and produced by what cells?
Produced by: Trophoblasts Secreted by: Syncytiotrophoblasts *before 5 weeks, it is secreted by both Cyto and Syncytio
74
when does hCG becomes (+) for PT?
at 5 weeks
75
Biological functions of the hCG
stimulates fetal testis stimulates maternal thyroid activity rescues the corpus lutem promotes uterine vasculature VD, relaxin scretion by corpus luteum
76
a high hCG level may mean that:
there is multiple pregnancy GTD (gestational trophoblastic disease) ex: H.mole/chorecarcinoma
77
what are the functions of the human placental lactogen (hPL)
``` Anti-insulin (+) maternal lipolysis Angiogenic hormone ensure nutrient supply to the fetus Tumor marker ```
78
relaxin can be secreted by?
Corpus luteum Decidua Placenta
79
serves as the parathyroid of fetus
Parathyroid hormone-related protein
80
aka placental growth homone
Growth hormone variant (hGH-V)
81
stimulates the secretion of hCG
GnRH
82
when does the placenta assume progesterone secretion?
at 8th week
83
little progesterone is secreted by the ovary after?
after 6-7 weeks of gestation
84
surgical removal of the corpus luteum at 7th-10th week is extremely lethal for pregnancy. T/F
False. at 8th week, the placenta assumes progesterone secretion
85
what is the substrate for progsterone
Cholesterol
86
hormone that provides placental quiescence
progesterone
87
production of both progesterone and estrogen in the maternal ovaries decreases significantly by the 7th week. at this time placenta will assume progesterone secretion around the 8th week. this is called the?
Luteal-Placental Transition

OBSTETRICS 1.0 (6 decks)

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