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AN SC 472 > 13 Health Management pt 2 > Flashcards

13 Health Management pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is failure of passive transfer?

A

Calf does not absorb enough immunoglobulins from the colostrum

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2
Q

What is scours?

A

Calves have diarrhea from E coli infection

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3
Q

Scours if a management disease, what is one of its management factors?

A

Making sure the calf has enough immunoglobulins (antibodies) in its bloodstream

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4
Q

Why do calves need antibodies from the colostrum

A
  • bovine placental structure does not allow transfer of large molecules, including immunoglobulins, between dam and fetus
  • circulating levels of self-produce antibodies do not reach significant levels until 16 to 32 days after birth (relies on passive immunity transferred from dam until then)
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5
Q

Colostrum management at the DRTC

A

Cow milked immediately after calving, colostrum is kept (frozen) then tested using refractometer
Good colostrum (BRIX >22) is kept
Thaw at room temperature when required

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6
Q

Post-calving administration of colostrum at the DRTC

A

2L colostrum given by bottle within 2 hours of birth, repeat every 4-6 hours until 24 hours of age

8L good quality colostrum consumed within first 24h

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7
Q

What do we do if the calf is not willingly taking colostrum within 30 mins

A

Esophageal feeder may be used

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8
Q

How do we test for failure of passive transfer

A

Collect blood sample from calf at 24-36 hours of age, isolate serum

Place serum on BRIX

BRIX value <8.4 indicates FPT

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9
Q

Common causes of scours in calves, which are zoonotic

A

Zoonotic: E. coli, Salmonella, Crypto

Non: clostridium, coccidia, rotavirus, coronavirus

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10
Q

Most common pathogens causing diarrhea in young calves

A

Cryptosporidium (37%)

then Rotavirus

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11
Q

Routine procedures in the lab for scours pathogen diagnostics

A
  • microscopic exam of feces with special stain for bacteria
  • culture of feces for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
  • Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin
  • look for viruses/parasites
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12
Q

How to treat scours, why do we take these steps

A

Give fluids (scours causes dehydration)

Give electrolytes (loss of fluids = electrolyte imbalance)

Give antimicrobials
- scours may be caused by antimicrobial susceptible individual
- even if the scours pathogen is not susceptible to antimicrobials, give them because they are vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections

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13
Q

What do we assess when doing dehydration assessment in calves

A

Demeanor (normal, depressed, comatose)

Eyeball recession

Skin tent duration (<1s to >6s)

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14
Q

What is the DRTC calf vaccination SOP

A

On day 1, calves get:
- Inforce3 (2mL, intranasal)
- Once PMH (2mL, intranasal)

Day 70, calves get:
- Once PMH (2mL, SQ)
- Inforce 3 (2mL, intranasal)

Two days prior to shipping to heifer rearing facilitaty, they get:
- Covexin (clostridial vacc)
- DRAXXIN (anitbiotic)
- Vitamin A/D

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15
Q

What type of vaccine is Inforce 3? Provides protection against what?

A

Modified live virus

  • Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus
  • Bovine Parainfluenza 3 Virus
  • Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
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16
Q

What kind of vaccine is Once PMH? Provides protection against what?

A

Avirulent live culture

  • M. haemolytica
  • P. multocida
17
Q

What is covexin plus?

A

Clostridial bacterial toxoid vaccine
Protects against the toxins produced by clostridium bacteria

18
Q

What is DRAXXIN

A

Treatment of bovine respiratory disease

19
Q

Why do calves get Vitamin A and D before heifer rearing

A

Less nutrients in silage and hay
Important in winter bc Vitamin A may be depleted in forage, no Vit D from sunlight

20
Q

How do we minimize stresses tot he calf to ensure maximal immune system function

A
  • colostrum
  • optimal calf housing and environment
  • proper calf nutrition
  • low stress handling
  • herd parasite prevention program
21
Q

How do we treat pneumonia, why do we do this

A

Give antimicrobials
- may be caused be susceptible organism
- may be caused by unsusceptible organism, but be vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections

Give anti-inflammatories (steroidal or nonsteroidal) (inflammation is major cause of the signs we see in a sick calf)

22
Q

What injection do we give pneumonic calves

A

Flunixin (antibiotic and NSAID)

23
Q

Why are cows vaccinated?

A

To protect themselves AND to pass the antibodies onto the calf in the form of colostrum

24
Q

What does a cow with pneumonia look like

A
  • open-mouthed breathing
  • froth at muzzle
  • anxious
  • extended head and neck
  • poor hair coat
  • hunched back
25
Q

What is IBRv

A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus
Herpesvirus: causes respirratory and repro issues

26
Q

Slides 48, 49

A

DRTC heifer vaccine protocol

27
Q

Cow vaccinations at dry off

A
  • Top Vac (2mL IM)
  • Klebsiella vetovax (2mL SQ)
  • Covexin plus (2 cc SQ)
28
Q

Triangle 10 vs Pyramid FP 10

A

Equivalent products, but Triangle 10 is killed virus and Pyramid FP 10 is modified live

Some produces will only use killed virus vaccines in pregnant cattle

29
Q

What diseases does triangle 10 vaccinate for

A
  • Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus
  • Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus
  • Parainfluenza 3 virus
  • Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
  • Leptospira bacterins
30
Q

Clinical effects of BVD

A

Immunosuppression, abortion, infected calves, pneumonia

31
Q

Clostridial organisms are present where?

A

Widespread: soil, intestines, other tissues

32
Q

Clostridial organisms cause disease by releasing toxins in 3 regions:

A
  1. In the intestine causing diarrhea (C difficile)
  2. In the tissues like muscle and liver causing tissue death (C chauvoei = black leg)
  3. Targeting neurological tissues (C tetani)
33
Q

Clostridial toxin used cosmetically

A

Botulinum toxin (botox)

34
Q

What do cows with contagious mastitis look like?

A
  • do not look apparently ill
  • milk clots
  • probably eating, drinking, apparently healthy
35
Q

What does a cow with environmental mastitis look like

A

Very sick
Mistaken for milk fever after calving

36
Q

Vaccines used for mastitis prevention

A

TopVac and Klebsiella

37
Q

Describe Johne’s disease

A
  • Mycobacterium avium (MAP)
  • no vaccine
  • lifetime infection and shedding
  • fire hose diarrhea
  • remain subclinical for years
  • estimated at least 50% of Alberta’s dairy herds have infected cattle
38
Q

Describe Bovine Leukosis Virus

A
  • no vaccine
  • lifetime infection and shedding
  • BLV is an immunosuppressive virus, makes cow susceptible to other infections
  • small % of cows develop cancers

AN SC 472 (13 decks)

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