13 Exercise and Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a pathogen

A

Any organism or substance capable of causing diseases

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2
Q

State the function of the
immune system.

A

The immune system protects the body from infectious disease. It is involved in tissue repair and protection against potential pathogens.

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3
Q

Characteristics of the INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

Quick response

First line of defense

More primitive, it targets everything perceived to be a foreign threat

Non-specific immune system / In-born immune system

Does not provide long-lasting immunity to the host

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4
Q

Characteristics of the ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

Delayed response

Second line of defense

More complex, it targets specific threats that it recalls from past memory

Specific immune system / Acquired immune system

Creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen

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5
Q

What are the three mechanisms the body uses in response to damage or an infectious agent?

A

Physical:

Chemical:

Leucocytes:

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6
Q

Outline the physical barriers, which make up part of the innate immune system

A

Skin is the physical barrier between inside and outside of the body.

Tears in the eyes; mucous membranes; mucus secretions that trap and rinse away pathogens; and cilia in the nasal passages and respiratory tract

Epithelial surfaces, such as the linings of the lungs and stomach.

Eyelashes and other body hair.

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7
Q

Outline the chemical barriers of the innate immune system

A

Low pH of the stomach, which inhibits the growth of pathogens.

urination

Tears: contain lysozymes (an enzyme that destroys bacteria on eyes)

Salivary enzymes

Vaginal secretions

Hormones

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8
Q

Difference Between Leukocytes and Lymphocytes

A

leukocyte is a term for all WHITE blood cells that fight off diseases. Leukocytes are part of the innate immune system. Responds to Inflammation, Clotting, and lymphocyte and antibody production.

While lymphocytes are a type of white blood cells too (leukocytes) but, are part of the adaptive immune system. Therefore are targeted to specific pathogens. Examples are T cells and B cells

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9
Q

What are the 4 different T cells

A

Helper T cells

Cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells)

Suppressor T cells

memory T cells

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10
Q

Training affects the immune system in the following way.

I. An intense bout of exercise (not prolonged) will stimulate the immune system resulting in an increase in leukocytes

II. If training is intense & prolonged the immune system will produce less leukocytes than a sedentary person.

III. Training does not affect the immune system at all, this is regulated by diet, and exposure or non-exposure to infections.

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

A

A.

I and II only

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11
Q

Describe strategies for minimizing risk from infection among athletes

A
  • Incorporation of sufficient recovery time into training programmes.
  • Avoid close contact with people with infections. Maintain oral hygiene.
  • Maintain hydration status.
  • Ensure water is pathogen-free.
  • Maintain good personal hygiene (for example, washing hands, avoiding hand-to mouth contact).
  • Maintain a suitable and varied diet. Ensure sufficient sleep.
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12
Q

Outline the mechanisms the body uses in response to damage or an infectious agent.

A

Physical: skin, epithelial linings, mucosal secretions

Chemical: pH of bodily fluids, hormones and other soluble factors

Leucocytes: white blood cells that fight disease

Inflammation

Clotting

Lymphocyte and antibody production

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13
Q

Describe the effects of intense and long-term training on the immune system.

A

Intense short durations of exercise cause tissue damage and increases in leucocytes. (dependent on the duration and intensity of exercise)

When training loads are high and prolonged:

  • Decrease in innate and adaptive immune function
  • Cortisol and adrenaline suppress the immune system
  • Leucocyte numbers drop compared to sedentary people

High load and long training = decrease in leucocytes

Short intense = increase in leucocytes

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