1.1 The Skeletal System

Question 1

1.1.8 Outline the features of a synovial joint

Answer 1

Question 2

The femur is _______ to the patella?

Answer 2

Proximal

Question 3

1.1.7

Distinguish between the different types of joint in relation to movement permitted.

Answer 3

Question 4

Name the 4 TYPES of bone.

Answer 4

Question 5

1.9 List the different types of synovial joints

Answer 5

1. Ball and socket

Example: hip & shoulder

2. Pivot

Example: the atlas, and axis at the top of the cervical vertebrae.

3. Saddle Joints.

Example: The thumb is the only one in the entire body.

4. Hinge Joints

Example: Elbow and knee

5. Condyloid Joints

Examples: between the metacarpals and phalanges in the hand.

6. Gliding Joints

Examples: between the carpals in the hand and tarsals in the ankle.

Question 6

The radius is _________ to the ulna.

Answer 6

Lateral

Question 7

Give an example of a Condyloid Joint and describe its movement.

Answer 7

Condyloid Joints have an oval-shaped bone end which fits into a correspondingly shaped bone end. They allow forwards, backward, left and right movement, but not rotation.

Examples: between the metacarpals and phalanges in the hand.

Question 8

Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton in terms of function

Answer 8

The axial skeleton’s function is about protection.

• The cranium and ribcage are built in a way to protect the body’s vital organs (brain. heart & lungs). While the vertebral column (spine) does move, its movements are somewhat limited (cartilaginous joint), and it also incases the spinal cord (protection)*
• The axial skeletons’ bones form mainly fibrous and cartilaginous joints. These joints either don’t move (fibrous) or move very little (cartilaginous)*

The appendicular skeleton is made up of all the bones that form the body’s limbs (appendices)

The joints of the appendcular skeleton are all different types of synovial joints. (joints with the most movement)

Question 9

Name 3 irregular bones.

Answer 9

Vertebrae,

Sacrum

Mandible

Question 10

The carpals are _______ to the humerus

A. Inferior

B. Distal

C. Medial

D. Proximal

Answer 10

B. Distal

Distal and not inferior because distal and proximal is the terminology used when speaking about the limbs.

Question 11

The mandible is ________ to the cranium.

Answer 11

Inferior

Question 12

Which of the following bones is a part of the appendicular skeleton?

A. Vertebrae

B. Sternum

C. Skull

D. Humerus

Answer 12

D.

Humerus

Question 13

Draw and annotate the structure of a long bone.

Answer 13

Question 14

Name 4 flat bones

Answer 14

Scapula (shoulder blade).

The Sternum (breast bone),

Cranium (skull),

Pelvis

Ribs

Question 15

Name 4 long bones.

Answer 15

Femur

Humerus

Tibia

Fibula

Metacarpals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges.

Question 16

Which best describes flat bones?

A. Complex and varied in shape, such as the vertebrae

B. The type of bones found in the skull and the shoulder blade

C. Bones that are longer than they are wide

D. Bones found in the wrist and ankle

Answer 16

B.

The type of bones found in the skull and the shoulder blade

Question 17

Give an example of a gliding joint and explain its movement.

Answer 17

Gliding Joints have two flat faces of bone that slide over one another.

They allow a tiny bit of movement in all directions.

Examples: between the carpals in the hand and tarsals in the ankle.

Question 18

Give an example of a ball and socket joint and describe its movement.

Answer 18

Ball and socket joints allow movement in all directions and also rotation.

The most mobile joints in the body are ball and socket joints.

Examples: Shoulders and hips.

Question 19

Name 3 short bones.

Answer 19

Carpals and Tarsals

Patella (knee cap)

Question 20

Give an example of a saddle joint and describe its movement.

Answer 20

Saddle Joints, the ends of the two bones fit together in a special way, allowing movement forwards and backward and left to right, but not rotation.

Examples: The thumb is the only one.

Question 21

Describe the difference between tendons and ligaments.

Answer 21

Tendons connect muscle to bone.

Tendons are a part of the muscle, they are the very end part of each muscle, and is the structure which attaches the muscle to the bone.

They share characteristics of muscles (like elasticity) but are not as elastic as the belly of the muscle. (for example)

Ligaments attach bone to bone.

They do not share the characteristics of muscles like elasticity, and contractility. They are stronger than tendons and provide for structural support for joints, than tendons.

Question 22

Give an example of a Hinge Joint and describe its movement.

Answer 22

Hinge joints..as their name suggests – only allow forwards and backwards movement.

Examples: The knee and elbow.

Question 23

What are the 5 main functions of the skeleton?

Answer 23

Question 24

Which of the following bones is a part of the axial skeleton?

A. Femur

B. Sternum

C. Patella

D. Humerus

Answer 24

B.

Sternum

Question 25

Distinguish anatomically (in terms of bones) between the axial and appendicular skeleton.

Answer 25

Axial skeleton:

skull, ribs, sternum and vertebral column consisting of cervical –7 bones, thoracic–12 bones, lumbar–5 bones, sacral–5 bones (fused as 1) and coccyx–4 bones (fused as 1).

Appendicular skeleton:

pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles), humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium and pubis), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.

Question 26

Give an example of a pivot joint and describe its movement.

Answer 26

Have a ring of bone that fits over a bone protrusion, around which it can rotate.

These joints only allow rotation.

Examples: The joint between the atlas and axis in the neck which allows you to shake your head.

Also: The proximal and distal radioulnar joints pivot together such that the radius twists around the ulnar to allow pronation and supination of the forearm

Question 27

1.1.5 Apply anatomical terminology to the location of bones.

(how well do you know and can correctly use the terminology?

Answer 27