1.3 Effects of Stress

Question 1

Stress

Answer 1

Stress - A state manifested by a specific syndrome of the body, developed in response to any stimuli that made an intense systemic demand
- Contributes directly to the development or exacerbation of disease

Question 2

Stressor

Answer 2

Environmental agent responsible for initiating stress response
Endogenous - Internal
Exogenous - External

Question 3

Stress Circle

Answer 3

• Hypothalamus releases Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) in response to stress
• Pituitary Gland releases Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• ACTH acts on adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids, specifically cortisol.
• Cortisol mediates and inhibits the stress response

Question 4

Hormones of stress

Answer 4

Increase
Growth hormone (at onset), ACTH, Prolactin, ADH (vasopressin)
Decrease
Growth Hormone (chronic stress), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Reproductive hormones

Question 5

Alarm Stage

Answer 5

• Distress signal sent to hypothalamus
• Enables release of Glucocorticoids
• Glucocorticoids release catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and stress hormone cortisol.
• Physiological changes governed by systemic ANS

Question 6

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 6

• Catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine act on target cells in heart, lungs, muscle, and blood vessels

Question 7

Epinephrine

Answer 7

• Increase cardiac output
• Increase blood flow to heart, brain, skeletal muscles, dilating vessels to organs.
• Dilation of airways increasing delivery of o2 to bloodstream
• Increase in blood glucose (inhibits insulin)

Question 8

Norepinephrine

Answer 8

• Constricts blood vessels of viscera and skin.

- Increased mental alertness

Question 9

Resistance Stage

Answer 9

Parasympathetic Nervous System counteracts alarm reaction by reducing cortisol created.

• Heart rate and blood pressure being to normalize
• Body normalizes (Adaptation)
• If stressor remains, body will stay alert, stress hormones continue to be produced.
• Issues with concentration and irritability

Question 10

Exhaustion stage

Answer 10

• Body drained of energy reserves by failing to recover from initial alarm stage.
• May experience depression, anxiety, despair, or lack of coping.

Question 11

Negative Feedback

Answer 11

• System to maintain balance or a stable internal enviroment

Question 12

Positive Feedback System

Answer 12

• Body promotes instability into the system

- Body creates a reaction in order to exacerbate the effect.

Question 13

Affects of stress

Answer 13

• Focus of immune related diseases
• Leads to initiation of anti-inflammatory responses
• Decreased cellular immunity
• Increased risk of infection
• Increased humoral immunity
• Increased risk of autoimmune responses

Question 14

Factors for capacity to adapt

Answer 14

Age - Very young/very old due to immature or failing organs
Gender - Sex hormones responsible for biologic disparities
Genetics
Time
Physiological Reserve - Capacity of body system to increase function needed to adapt
Autonomic Reserve
Health Status
Nutrition
Hardiness
Social Support