1.1 Pathophysiology an Overview

Question 1

Pathophysiology

Answer 1

Study of change and structure or function in body due to disease, injury, or disorders.
Pathos - Greek for disease
Biology - Study of life and living organisms

Question 2

Individual Variables in Health and Disease

Answer 2

Gender - Men are more prone to CVD at an early age. Equalizes after women reach menopause
Age
Race/Ethnicity - Black Americans more prone to hypertension due to low levels of renin and kidney difference
Locale - Southern US is more prone to kidney stones
Socioeconomic Status - Access to clean water/food

Question 3

Individual Variables in Health

Answer 3

Blood Type - Blood type O may have lower risk of CVD. Gastric Cancer more prone to Type A Blood
Blood Glucose Level - Elevated glucose linked to CVD
Medical History
Family History

Question 4

Primary Prevention

Answer 4

Activities that prevent disease from occurring

• Vaccines
• Health Promotion Activities
• Protective Gear

Question 5

Secondary Prevention

Answer 5

Early detection of disease through screening.

- Cholesterol screening and diabetes screening

Question 6

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 6

Rehabilitation of patient to prevent complications or progression of disease
- Cardiac rehabilitation following myocardial infarction

Question 7

Disease/Injury/Risk Factors

Answer 7

• Disease - Functional impairment of cells, tissues and organs. Includes injuries, disorders and syndromes
• Injury - Damage (acute/chronic/overuse)
• Risk Factors - Things within genetic makeup, lifestyle choices, history that increase risk of disease or disorder

Question 8

Etiology

Answer 8

Precise cause of a disease
Multifactorial - Having more than one cause
Idiopathic - No known cause
Nosocomial - Infection received in healthcare department
Iatrogenic - Caused by medical treatment

Question 9

Pathogenesis

Answer 9

Origination and development of disease
Starts when disease process begins to when it presents itself
(Disease, Injury, Etiology, Risk Factors)

Question 10

Signs/Symptoms/Asymptomatic

Answer 10

Signs - Observable by practitioner
Symptoms - Subjective Information provided by patient
Asymptomatic - Absence of signs and symptoms

Question 11

Clinical Manifestation

Answer 11

Presenting Signs, Symptoms and characteristics of a disease
Local - Findings at site of injury
Systemic - Present throughout the body

Question 12

Types of Clinical Manifestations

Answer 12

Acute - Very sudden and rapid onset/rapid progression
Subacute - Recent onset (somewhat rapid change)
Chronic - Indefinite duration with virtually no change
Remission - Temporary diminishment of disease
Exacerbation - Worsening of Disease

Question 13

Hemostasis

Answer 13

Body’s natural reaction to injury to keep body in balance. (Stop bleeding and repair damage)

Question 14

Disability

Answer 14

• Life is significantly impacted.
• Need more advanced treatment plan
  (Multiple prescription drugs, physical therapy, wound interventions, surgery)
• Risk of pre-mature death

Question 15

Symptoms

Answer 15

• Begins to experience symptoms

- Treatments with medication

Question 16

Signs

Answer 16

• Beginning on progression to poor health
• Early intervention may be able to manage these findings
• (High blood pressure, elevated glucose)

Question 17

Awareness

Answer 17

• Individual recognizes activities that can contribute to health and wellness

Question 18

Education

Answer 18

• Active intervention such as obese patient working with personal trainer
• Diet and activity levels improve

Question 19

Growth

Answer 19

• Optimal wellness.

- Patient has made considerable life changes and sustained them

Question 20

Epidemiology/Incidence

Answer 20

Epidemiology - Study of health and disease and patterns in defined populations

Incidence - Rate/Proportion of development of a disease within a certain period of time

Prevalence - Rate/Proportion of people who have a disease at a certain period of time

Question 21

Endemic/Epidemic/Pandemic

Answer 21

Endemic - Incidence/Prevalence is stable
Epidemic - Dramatic increase in incidence rates in a population
Pandemic - Epidemic crosses continents

Question 22

Diagnosis/Prognosis

Answer 22

Diagnosis - Label for a disease

Prognosis - Prediction of how a patient will proceed through the disease process. (Morbidity and Mortality)

Question 23

Treatment

Answer 23

Used to manage patients disease and symptoms