1.3 DNA & 1.4 Proteins And Enzymes Flashcards
What does specific mean?
Only one substrate will react with one enzyme
What is the function of the mRNA?
To transfer a copy of the genetic code from the DNA
What is a gene?
A gene is a section of DNA… (which codes for the production of protein)
What is an example of Protein Function (for Antibodies)?
- Immune Response
What are examples of Structural Protein Functions?
- Keratin (skin)
- Miosin (muscle)
What does the order of the amino acids decide?
The structure and function of the protein
Protein function: Hormones.
E.G.
- insulin
- glucagon
Protein Function: Enzymes
E.G.
- biological catalysts
- protease
What decides the structure and function of a protein?
The order of the amino acids
What does a gene do?
A gene codes for the production of protein
How does the mRNA transfer the genetic code?
(The mRNA transfers the genetic code…)
….through the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
What is the part of the enzyme where the substrate binds?
The Active Site
What does optimum mean?
The conditions (temperature/ph) in which an enzyme works best
Protein Function: Receptor
- liver cells for insulin
What does denatured mean?
An enzyme which no longer works as it has been exposed to extreme ph/temperature
What are the effects of temperature on enzyme activity?
As the temperature increases the enzymes will also increase until an optimum is reached. If the temperature continues to increase, the activity will rapidly reduce as the enzyme is denatured
What are the 5 key functions of proteins?
- Structural proteins
- Enzymes
- Hormones
- Antibodies
- Receptors
What do structural proteins do?
Provide a framework in cells, and produce body structures
What are antibodies?
Antibodies are a major part of the immune system, and are specific to different pathogens
What do hormones do?
Transport chemical messages around the body to control various processes
What do receptors do?
Receptors on the cell membrane allow signals to be detected (such as hormones)
What do enzymes do?
Enzymes are needed to speed up chemical reactions
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological catalysts, which speed up cellular reactions and are unchanged in the process
What makes up an enzyme?
A particular substrate, and a particular product:
Substrate - Enzyme - Product
Each enzyme has a specific active site, meaning…
…it only works with one substrate
What is formed when the enzyme and substrate join together?
…an enzyme-substrate complex is formed, allowing the reaction to occur
What are two types of enzyme reaction:
- synthesis
- degradation
What is a synthesis reaction?
Multiple substrates > enzyme > one product
What happens to enzymes at high temperatures or an extreme ph?
They become denatured (their active site loses its shape and they are no longer able to function)
What is the effect of temperature on an enzyme?
Each enzyme has an optimum temperature at which it works best
What does ATCG stand for in DNA?
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
