1.3- Deduction and Induction

Question 1

What two groups can arguments be divided into?

Answer 1

Deductive and Inductive Arguments

Question 2

Deductive Arguments

Answer 2

An argument in which we expect the conclusion to follow necessarily from the premises. (Impossible for the conclusion to be false, if the premises are all true).

Question 3

Inductive Arguments

Answer 3

An argument in which we expect the conclusion to follow only probably from the premises. (“Highly likely”, etc.)

Question 4

What are three factors that bear on the distinction of arguments?

Answer 4

1) The occurrence of special indicator words.
2) The nature of the inferential link between premises and conclusion. (Expectations of necessity or probability).
3) the character or form of argumentation the arguer uses.

Question 5

What are five types of argumentation that are typically deducative?

Answer 5

1) Argument Based on Mathematics
2) Argument from Definition
3) Categorical Syllogism
4) Hypothetical Syllogism.
5) Disjunctive Syllogism

Question 6

Argument Based on Mathematics

Answer 6

Based on mathematical computation or measurement (except those based on statistics).

Question 7

Argument from Definition

Answer 7

The conclusion is based on the definition of some word or phrase in the premise or conclusion.

Question 8

Categorical Syllogism

Answer 8

A syllogism in which each statement begins with one of the words “all”, “some”, or “no”. (Relating groups, typically).

Question 9

Hypothetical Syllogism

Answer 9

A syllogism has a conditional statement for one or both of its premises.

Question 10

Disjunctive Syllogism

Answer 10

A syllogism having a disjunctive statement for one or both of its premises. (Has an “or” statement).

Question 11

What are typically inductive forms of argumentation?

Answer 11

1) Prediction
2) Argument from Analogy
3) Inductive Generalization
4) Argument from Authority
5) Argument Based on Signs
6) Causal Inference

Question 12

Predication

Answer 12

Premises deal with some known event in the present or past, and the conclusion speculates about the future- the future cannot be known with certainty.

Question 13

Argument from Analogy

Answer 13

Depends on the existence of an analogy or similarity between two things or states of affairs; because of the existence of the analogy, a certain condition that affects the better-known thing or situation is concluded to affect the lesser-known thing or situation.

Question 14

Inductive Generalization

Answer 14

An argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group.

Question 15

Argument from Authority

Answer 15

An argument in which the conclusion rests upon a statement made by some presumed authority or witness.

Question 16

Argument Based on Signs

Answer 16

An argument that proceeds from the knowledge of the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes.

Question 17

Causal Inference

Answer 17

Underlies argument is that proceeded from knowledge of a cause to knowledge of the effect, or vice versa.