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A LEVEL BIOLOGY > 13 - Classification and Biodiversity (C2) > Flashcards

13 - Classification and Biodiversity (C2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hierarchy?

A

A system in which smaller groups are components of larger groups

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2
Q

What is a taxon?

A

Any group within a system of classification

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3
Q

What is the hierarchy of biological classification?

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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4
Q

What is a domain?

A

The largest taxon and all living things belong in 1 of 3 domains

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5
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A
  • Eubacteria - the true bacteria
  • Archaea - extremophile prokaryotes
  • Eukaryota - all eukaryotic organisms e.g. animals, plants, fungi, protoctista
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6
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A
  • Prokaryota
  • Protoctista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
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7
Q

Of the 3 domain system and 5 kingdom system how many are prokaryotic?

A
  • 2 of 3 domains: eubacteria and archaea

- 1 of 5 kingdoms: prokaryota

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8
Q

What is a phylum?

A

A sub-group of a kingdom

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9
Q

What is a genus?

A

A group of similar organisms

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10
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring

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11
Q

What is an example of a protoctista?

A

Amoeba

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12
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Structures in different species with a similar anatomical position and developmental origin, derived from a common ancestor

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13
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Structures with a corresponding function and similar shape, but have a different developmental origin

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14
Q

How is the binomial system used?

A
  • Each organism has 2 names - genus and species
  • Genus name has capital letter, species name doesn’t
  • In italics or underlined
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15
Q

What is the definition of biodiversity?

A

The number of species and the number of individuals in each species in a given environment

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16
Q

What can cause biodiversity to increase or decrease?

A
  • Succession
  • Natural selection
  • Human influence
17
Q

What is polymorphism?

A

The occurrence of several different forms or types of individuals among members of a single species

18
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The gradual process in which inherited characteristics become more or less common in a population, in response to the environment determining the breeding success of individuals possessing those characteristics

19
Q

What are selection pressures?

A

Environmental factors that affect an individual’s reproductive success

20
Q

What is the equation to find the population size from a capture mark recapture experiment?

A

Number in 2nd sample x number in 1st sample / Number marked in 2nd sample

21
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

Organisms that exist in a wide variety of environmental conditions including extremes of temperature, pH and pressure

22
Q

What are some features of prokaryotae?

A
  • Unicellular
  • Microscopic
  • No internal membrane bound organelles
  • No nuclear membrane
  • Cell wall not made of chitin or cellulose
23
Q

What are some features of protoctista?

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Mainly single celled
  • No tissue differentation
24
Q

What are some features of plantae?

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Multicellular
  • Photosynthetic
  • Cellulose cell wall
25
Q

What are some features of fungi?

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Heterotrophic
  • Chitin cell wall
  • Reproduce by spores
26
Q

What are some features of animalia?

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Multicellular
  • Heterotrophic
  • Nervous coordination
  • No cell wall
27
Q

What do biochemical methods measure?

A
  • The proportion of DNA or proteins shared between species to estimate relatedness
  • DNA fragments or proteins displayed as bands on electrophoresis gel
28
Q

What is an advantage of biochemical methods?

A

They reduce the mistakes made in classification due to convergent evolution

29
Q

What does the Simpson’s diversity index measure?

A
  • Biodiversity of a habitat

- Ranges from 0 to 1, the closer to 1 the higher the diversity

30
Q

What causes polymorphism?

A

The presence of polymorphic genes e.g. multiples alleles for the same gene

31
Q

How can genetic biodiversity be assessed?

A
  • By determining either the number of:
  • Alleles at a locus
  • Individuals in the population have a particular allele
32
Q

What is a similarity between the 3 domain system and 5 kingdom classification?

A

Both divide organisms phylogenetically

33
Q

What is the definition of classification?

A

The organisation of living organisms into groups according to their shared similarities

34
Q

What is the definition of taxonomy?

A

The study of the principles behind classification

35
Q

What is the definition of morphology?

A

The study of the forms of things

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (13 decks)

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