1.3 Cells

Question 0

TEM

Answer 0

Electrons, 0.1nm, 2D, thin, vacuum, staining

Question 1

Optical microscope

Answer 1

Light, colour, 2D, 200nm resolution

Question 2

SEM

Answer 2

Electrons, 10-20nm, 3D, thin, vacuum, staining

Question 3

Staining issue

Answer 3

Can contain artefacts that affect image of specimen

Question 4

Magnification =

Answer 4

Size of image / size of object

Question 5

Resolution

Answer 5

Minimum distance apart two objects can be for them to be separate items, increasing magnification will not increase resolution

Question 6

Fractionation

Answer 6

Cold isotonic buffer solution (slow down enzymes, stop organelles shrinking, consent pH)

Homogenised, homogenate filtered, ultracentrifuge (nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes)

Question 7

Nucleus

Answer 7

Envelope(entry/exit), pores(large molecules), nucleoplasm(bulk), chromatin(DNA), nucleolus(manufactures RNA)

Controls cell and manufactures RNA and ribosomes

Question 8

Mitochondria

Answer 8

Double membrane(entry and exit), cristae(large area), matrix(fluid with lipids)

For respiration and ATP production

Question 9

ER

Answer 9

RER- ribosomes to synthesise and transport proteins

SER- synthesise and transports lipids and carbs

Question 10

Golgi apparatus

Answer 10

Transport centre, makes glycoproteins, secretes carbs, forms lysosomes

Question 11

Lysosomes

Answer 11

Release enzymes, digest and break down worn out organelles

Question 12

Ribosomes

Answer 12

80s in eukaryotic

70s in prokaryotic

Question 13

Lipids

Answer 13

Membrane, energy source, waterproofing, insulation, protection

Question 14

Glycerol

Answer 14

H HCOH HCOH HCOH H

Question 15

Phospholipid

Answer 15

2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, 1 phosphate group

Question 16

Lipid test

Answer 16

2cm sample, 5cm ethanol, shake, 5cm water, cloudy white = lipid

Question 17

Fluid mosaic model of cell surface membrane

Answer 17

Extrinsic and intrinsic proteins, protein channels, phospholipid bolsters

Question 18

Diffusion

Answer 18

Net movement of molecules or ions from a high to low concentrated area

Question 19

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 19

Passive, selective channels, water soluble only, affected by pore number

Question 20

Osmosis

Answer 20

Passage of water from high wp to lower wp through a partially permeable membrane

Question 21

Wp affects

Answer 21

Wp higher than cell= bursts

Wp same as cells= no change

Wp lower than cell= cell shrinks

Question 22

Active transport

Answer 22

Movement of molecules or ions in or out of a cell from low to high concentration using ATP and carrier molecules

Question 23

How at works

Answer 23

Carrier protein accepts molecule, binds, ATP swivels protein, molecule released

Question 24

Co transport

Answer 24

Used to absorb all glucose. Sodium pumped out of cell with ATP, gradient made, more sodium drawn into cell, co transport protein also draws in glucose

Question 25

Cholera

Answer 25

Flagella propel through mucus lining, produce toxic protein, opens ink channels, wp in intestine lowers as ions flood in, water enters

Question 26

ORT

Answer 26

Water, sodium, glucose, potassium, electrolytes