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Movement Sci Final! > 13. Ankle Foot > Flashcards

13. Ankle Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What is proximal to the Chopart joint?

A

Between hind foot (talus and calcaneus) and the mid foot (cuboid and navicular)

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2
Q

What bones make up the midfoot?

A

Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiforms (3)

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3
Q

What bones make up the forefoot?

A

metatarsals
phalanges

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4
Q

What makes up the rearfoot?

A

talus
calcaneus

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5
Q

if someone is pronated they will have calcaneo_____

A

valgus

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6
Q

if someone is supinated, they will have calcaneo______

A

varus

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7
Q

DF/PF is a motion of _____ joint

A

talocrural

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8
Q

INV/EV is a motion of _____ joint

A

subtalar

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9
Q

Abd/Add is a motion of _____ joint

A

subtalar (forefoot)

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10
Q

flexion and extension happens ______ in the foot

A

in the toes

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11
Q

Pronation is made up of what 3 motions

A

DF
Eversion
Abduction

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12
Q

Supination is made up of what 3 motions

A

PF
Inversion
Adduction

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13
Q

@ proximal tibiofibular joint, _____ tibial facet and ____ fibular facet

A

convex tib
concave fib

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14
Q

Proximal tibiofibular joint ________ belongs to knee and _______ belongs to ankle/foot

A

Anatomically

Functionally

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15
Q

Distal tib-fib joint is a _____ union

A

Syndesmosis

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16
Q

@ distal tib-fib joint, what ligaments are there

A
  • anterior & posterior tib-fib ligaments
  • interosseous ligaments
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17
Q

function of talocrural joint is dependent on stability of ______ joint

A

tibiofibular

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18
Q

hypermobility of proximal tibfib jt could lead to _____ nerve injury

A

common fibular

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19
Q

distal tibfib joint injury to syndesmosis can lead to _______ of ________

A

widening of “mortise”

= instability @ talocrural joint

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20
Q

Talocrural is a ____ ____ joint

A

synovial hinge

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21
Q

What 3 bones make up the Talocrural joint

A

Tibia/fibula on talus

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22
Q

the proximal articulating surface of Talocrural joint is _______ + _______ = _______

A

concave tibial plafond + malleoli = mortise

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23
Q

____ and ____ describe the Talocrural joint capsule

A

Weak and thin

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24
Q

another name for MCL of talocrural joint is

A

Deltoid ligament

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25
Q

What shape is deltoid ligament

A

fan shape

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26
Q

Where does the deltoid/MCL insert (3 bones)

A

navicular
talus
calcaneus

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27
Q

What ankle motion will sprain deltoid/MCL?

A

Eversion

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28
Q

The LCL of talocrural is made up of ____ and ____ and _______

A

anterior and posterior talofibular ligament & calcaneofibular ligament

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29
Q

What does LCL of talocrural help limit? ____ and ____

A

inversion
supination

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30
Q

between LCL and MCL of talocrural, which is stronger

A

MCL

LCL is weaker

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31
Q

what passive structure supports the talocrural ligaments?

A

extensor retinaculum

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32
Q

Talocrural axis is inclined down laterally ____ degrees
posteriorly ____ degrees

A

14 degrees
23 degrees

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33
Q

In dorsiflexion, head of talus rolls ______ while body of talus glides ________ in mortise

A

dorsally
plantarly

Note: Talus head in mortise is convex on concave so opposites
Dorsally refers to up and plantarly refers to down

In plantarflexion the talus rolls plantarly and slides dorsally (Opposites)

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34
Q

normal DF is _____ degrees

A

20

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35
Q

Is DF or PF close packed?

A

Dorsiflexion

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36
Q

Dorsiflexion is limited by active/passive tension in ______

A

gastroc/soleus

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37
Q

normal PF ROM is ____ degrees

A

50 degrees

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38
Q

in plantarflexion, loose packed occurs when _______

A

posterior body of talus is in contact

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39
Q

what talocrural motion has a higher incidence of ankle sprains?

A

plantar flexion

because it’s loose packed

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40
Q

PF is limited by tension in ____, ______, and ______

A

anterior tibialis
EHL
EDL

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41
Q

sustentaculum tali is on what bone? medial or lateral?

A

calcaneus

medial

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42
Q

medial ankle is protected by _____, _____ and ____

A

posterior tibialis
FHL
FDL

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43
Q

lateral ankle is protected by ____ and ____

A

fib long
fib brev

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44
Q

Talus is wider distally or proximally?

A

distally

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45
Q

Dorsiflexion causes ____ rotation of tib-fib

A

medial

in WB, mortise rotates over talus, tib fib joint adjusts to widen around distal talus

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46
Q

Plantarflexion causes ____ rotation of tib-fib

A

lateral

in WB, mortise rotates over talus, tib fib joint adjusts to widen around distal talus

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47
Q

what articulates in subtalar joint?

A

calcaneus and talus

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48
Q

In the proximal part of the subtalar joint, _____ talus on ____ calcaneus

A

concave
convex

Largest face (75% of ST forces) helps resist rotation

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49
Q

In the distal/medial part of subtalar joint, ____ facet of inferior body and neck of talus on 2 ___ facets of calcaneus

A

convex

concave

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50
Q

Tarsal canal is formed by sulcus in both bones (talus and calcaneus)

& runs from ______ to _____ (lateral to medial)

A

sinus tarsi
sustentaculum tali

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51
Q

name the Subtalar ligaments

A
  • calcaneofibular ligament
  • anterior and posterior talofibular lig
  • lateral and interosseous talocalcaneal lig
  • cervical ligament
  • deltoid ligament
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52
Q

Which subtalar lig is the strongest?

A

Cervical ligament

53
Q

Subtalar axis inclined _____ degrees dorsally and distally and inclined ______ medially

A

42 degrees

16 degrees

54
Q

Subtalar NWB SUPINATION coupled motions = calcaneal ____, ____, _____ flexion

A

Adduction
Inversion (varus)
Plantar

55
Q

Subtalar NWB PRONATION coupled motions = calcaneal ____, ____, _____ flexion

A

Abduction
Eversion (valgus)
Dorsi

56
Q

WB pronation = calcaneal ____, talar ____, ____ flexion, Tib-fib _____ rotation

A

Eversion
Adduction
Plantar
Medial

57
Q

WB supination = calcaneal ____, talar ___, ____ flexion, and Tib-fib ___ rotation

A

Inversion
Abduction
Dorsi
Lateral

58
Q

Calcaneal Inv and Ev are measured as angles between ______ midline of leg and _____ calcaneus

A

Posterior
Posterior

59
Q

Calcaneal Inv = ____ degrees

A

20-30

60
Q

Calcaneal Ev = ____ degrees

A

5-10

61
Q

When in bilateral stance, ____ degrees of Eversion

A

3.5 degrees

62
Q

Gait requirements
* ___ degrees of Inv at heel strike then Ev
* then ____ degrees of Inv during push off

A

3 degrees
5.5 degrees

63
Q

subtalar close packed = ____

A

Supination
stable foot position

64
Q

Subtalar open packed = _____

A

Pronation
flexible foot position

65
Q

____ and ____ form S shaped transverse tarsal joint line

A

Talonavicular
Calcaneocuboid

66
Q

T/F: navicular and cuboid are immobile in weightbearing

A

True

talus and calcaneus move on them

67
Q

Talonavicular joint:
Distal ____ head of talus w/
_____ proximal aspect of navicular

A

Convex
Concave

68
Q

The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament is also called the ____ ligament

A

Spring ligament

69
Q

Spring ligament goes from sustentaculum tali to ______

A

Plantar aspect of navicular bone

70
Q

Medial segment of spring ligament function is ______

A

Sling to hold head of talus

71
Q

Lateral segment of spring ligament resists _____ _____

A

tensile forces

72
Q

Talonavicular medially reinforced by _____ ligament

A

Deltoid

73
Q

Talonavicular laterally reinforced by _____ ligaments

A

Bifurcate Ligament

74
Q

Calcaneocuboid joint is linked to ____ joint in WB

A

Subtalar

75
Q

Calcaneocuboid joint has it’s own capsule with lateral band of ____, _____, ______, and ______

A

Bifurcate
Dorsal CC lig
Plantar CC lig
Long plantar lig

76
Q

What is the key to transverse tarsal stability and lateral longitudinal arch

A

Long Plantar lig

It runs from calcaneus across cuboid to bases of 2-4 MT

77
Q

The transverse tarsal axis inclines up ____ degrees from transverse plane

A

15 degrees

78
Q

The transverse tarsal axis angles ____ medially from sagittal plane allowing for the TRIPLANAR motions of ____/____

A

9 degrees
Supination/Pronation

Talus & calcaneus moving on navicular & cuboid mostly in Inv/Eversion

79
Q

Oblique axis of Transverse tarsal axis is _____ medial to sagittal plane and ____ supinated to transverse plane

A

57 degrees
52 degrees

  • also allows Sup/pron of talus & calcaneus
  • mostly in DF/PF and ADD/ABD
80
Q

When assessing midfoot motion, need to put hindfoot in _____ to unlock the transverse tarsal joint

A

pronation

81
Q

Lateral rotation of tibia will impose hindfoot _______ with relative ______ of forefoot

A

Supination
Pronation

(slide 30)

82
Q

Which ligaments sprain easily in excessive supination?

A

Lateral

83
Q

Medial Rotation of tibia imposes hindfoot _____

A

Pronation

the transverse tarsal adjusts forefoot to maintain base of support

84
Q

1st TMT Joint is formed by

A

base of 1st MT with medial cuneiform (own capsule)

85
Q

2nd and 3rd TMT are formed by

A

base of 2nd and 3rd MT with 2nd and 3rd cuneiform (share a capsule)

86
Q

4th and 5th TMT are formed by

A

base of 4th and 5th MT with cuboid (share a capsule)

87
Q
A

stare
and understand this

88
Q

Forefoot Varus

A
  • associated with excessive pronation of hindfoot
  • seen in non-WB subtalar neutral as varus
89
Q

In late stance phase of walking, _____ at MTP is key motion so foot can pass over toes

A

extension

90
Q

MTP is a _____ synovial joint with __ DoF

A

condyloid
2: Abd/add and Flex/Ext

91
Q

which is Index +

A

Left one

92
Q

which is Index -

A

Middle one

aka Morton’s foot

93
Q

which is Index +/-

A

Right one

94
Q

What do the sesamoids on plantar aspect of 1st MTP serve as an anatomical pulley for?

A

FHB

and protect the tendon of FHL in WB

95
Q

During a heel rise, all 5 MTP extend as a _____ about a single oblique axis.

A

Hinge

96
Q

What is a stiff 1st MTP called?

A

Hallux rigidus

97
Q

What can excessive extension at MTP result in?

A

Hammer toe deformity

98
Q

How much adduction is needed in 1st MTP for gait?

A

15 degrees of ADD

if larger valgus = hallux valgus deformity

99
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Too many toes

100
Q

What is ectrodactyly?

A

Absence or malformation of toes

101
Q

IP joint is a synovial ____ joint with ____ Dof

A

hinge
1: flex/ext

102
Q

What is the keystone of the longitudinal arches?

A

Talus

103
Q

Posteriorly, what do the longitudinal arches attach to?

A

Calcaneus

104
Q

What do the longitudinal arches attach to anteriorly?

A

MET heads

105
Q

What is the keystone of the transverse arch?

A

Medial cuneiform

106
Q

What is spring ligament most important for?

A

Most important static stabilizer; sling for talar head

107
Q

Where does the Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament lie?

A

within ST joint

108
Q

What are the attachments of the plantar aponeurosis?

A

calcaneus (medial tubercle) to metatarsal heads

109
Q

What attaches the lateral calcaneus to talus?

A

Cervical ligament (supports posterior longitudinal arch): strongest of talocalcaneal structures

110
Q

The Plantar aponeurosis is subject to tension forces during toe ____

A

Extension

contributes to foot supination with INCREASING longitudinal arch

111
Q

in bilateral stance, each talus receives _____ % body weight

A

50

112
Q

in unilateral stance, talus receives _____% body weight

A

100

113
Q

from talus in WB, 50% of weight to ____ and 50% of weight to ______ and ______

A

Calcaneus
Talonavicular & Calcaneocuboid

114
Q

highest plantar pressure under MET heads during ______ phase of gait

A

push-off

115
Q

Which 3 extrinsic muscles support the medial arch?

A

Tibialis posterior
FDL
FHL

Lateral: fibularis

116
Q

What 2 muscles make up the posterior compartment?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus

main PFs

117
Q

Ankle plantar flexion is an example of a _____ class lever

A

2nd

RF is between EF and axis

118
Q

Which muscle does “subtalar and transverse tarsal supination and eccentric control of pronation + inversion of the foot”

A

Tibialis posterior

119
Q

which 2 muscles are week PF and supination + inversion of the foot

A

FDL and FHL

120
Q

What are 4 PF synergists

A

tib post
FDL
FHL
plantaris

121
Q

Fib Long & Fib Brev function

A
  • primary pronators at subtalar joint, weak PF
  • stabilizes 1st ray against GRF
  • facilitates pronation twist when hindfoot supinates
  • helps support the transverse and lateral longitudinal arches; stabilizes forefoot after heelrise
122
Q

What are the 4 main DF muscles?

A

Tib Ant
EHL
EDL
Peroneus tertius

123
Q

EHL muscle action?

A

great toe ext and weak supinator

124
Q

EDL muscle action

A

toe ext and hindfoot pronator

125
Q

foot intrinsics function

A
  • stabilize toes
  • dynamic support of arches
  • hallux muscles support sesamoids and MTP 1
  • lumbricals and interossei prevent MTP hyperextension
  • eccentrically control during MT break
126
Q

Pes cavus

A
  • inverted calcaneus
  • high medial longitudinal arch
  • lateral talonavicular bulge
  • decreased shock absorption
  • ankle sprains common
  • forefoot valgus
127
Q

Pes planus

A
  • Flat medial longitudinal arch
  • decreased rigid lever
  • tired foot
  • hallux valgus
128
Q

Club foot “CAVE”

A
  • midfoot cavus deformity
  • metatarsus adducts deformity
  • hindfoot varus deformity
  • hindfoot equinus deformity

Movement Sci Final! (7 decks)

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