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1.2.Philosophical Perspective V3 Flashcards

1
Q

birth of Philosophy in the 6th Century

A

ANCIENT GREECE

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2
Q

ANCIENT GREEK
PHILOSOPHY REACHED
ITS PEAK IN THE
CLASSICAL PERIOD
BECAUSE OF
PHILOSOPHERS SUCH
AS _______, _____ , & ___________.

A

SOCRATES, PLATO & ARISTOTLE

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3
Q

PHILO MEANS

A

LOVING

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4
Q

SOPHIA MEANS

A

KNOWLEDGE/ WISDOM

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5
Q

WHO SAID: The unexamined life is not worth living

A

SOCRATES

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6
Q

The first philosopher engaged in questioning
the concept of self.

His life and ideas were documented by his
students, the historian Xenophon and the
philosopher Plato. They showed how _______
applied systematic questioning of the self.

______also believed that it is the duty of the
philosopher to know oneself.

A

SOCRATES

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7
Q

WHO believed that every man is dualistic, composed of body and soul.

All individuals have an imperfect and impermanent aspect which is the body.

On the other hand, there is a perfect and
permanent aspect which is the soul.

A

SOCRATES

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8
Q

The world is composed of _____ and _____ things.

A

PHYSICAL & MENTAL

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9
Q

is a physical thing that
is imperfect and impermanent.

A

BODY

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10
Q

is a mental thing and is permanent.

A

SOUL

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11
Q

Since the soul is mental, it ____________

A

can exist even without the physical body

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12
Q

WHO maintained that
our true self is our soul.

A

SOCRATES

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13
Q

The philosophy of Socrates underlies the
importance of the notion of “_______”

A

knowing oneself

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14
Q

Socrates believed that _________ and ______ were essential to the good life

A

self-examination and introspection

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15
Q

WHO SAID THIS: “Believed that the goal of life is to be happy.”

A

SOCRATES

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16
Q

is the moral quality that makes an individual good

A

VIRTUE

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17
Q

WHO SAID: “Good actions give strength to ourselves and inspire good actions in others.”

A

PLATO

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18
Q

HE is best known for his Theory of Forms,
which asserted that the physical world isn’t
really “real” because ultimate reality exists
beyond the physical world.

A

PLATO

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19
Q

is perhaps the single most important influence on Western
thought regarding the notion of self.

HE believed that the soul–not a spiritual being, but rather one with an intellectual connotation–is what
enables humans to know the Forms
(ideas).

A

PLATO

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20
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 CONCEPTS OF SOUL

A
  • RATIONAL SOUL
  • SPIRITED SOUL
  • APPETITIVE SOUL
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21
Q

WHAT CONCEPT OF SOUL THAT governs reason and intellect. Also known as the thinking/intellectual soul

A

RATIONAL SOUL

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22
Q

WHAT CONCEPT OF SOUL THAT takes charge of emotions.

A

SPIRITED SOUL

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23
Q

WHAT CONCEPT OF SOUL THAT rules basic
human desires.

A

APPETITIVE SOUL

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24
Q

When you are able to justify why you need to continue pursuing a college degree to
your parents, that is the
_______ of the soul helping you out.

A

RATIONAL CONCEPT

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25
When you are able to contain your feelings and argue on the topic with a logical perspective, that is your ____ taking charge of your emotions.
SPIRITED SOUL
26
When you feel unsupported in your desire to pursue higher education, it’s your _______ asking to be satisfied.
APPETITIVE SOUL
27
He emphasized that all three parts of the soul must work harmoniously to attain justice and virtue in a person.
PLATO
28
WHO Started the concept of the dual self by mind and body dualism.
SOCRATES & PLATO
29
WHO SAID THAT All knowledge leads to God.
ST. AUGUSTINE
30
Considered one of the most significant Christian thinkers, especially in the development of Latin Christianity theology. His idea of the “self” merged that of Plato and the then-new Christian perspective, which led him to believe in the duality of a person.
ST. AUGUSTINE
31
asserted that the Forms were concepts existing within God. The soul belonged in this realm, which allowed it to have scientific thinking abilities. His concept of the "self" was an inner, immaterial "I" that has self-knowledge and selfawareness.
ST. AUGUSTINE
32
WHO viewed the dual nature of self in the context where one is imperfect and immortal.
ST. AUGUSTINE
33
ACCORDING TO ST. AUGUSTINE, The soul can be _____through ____ with the Divine
IMMORTAL, COMMUNION
34
French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher
RENE DESCARTES
35
ACCORDING TO DESCARTES, PERSON IS COMPOSED OF: ____ & _____
COGITO - THE MIND & EXTENZA - THE BODY
36
Descartes believed that the mind is the seat of consciousness
COGITO
37
which is the extension of the mind. The body (which includes the human senses) is unreliable and should not be trusted
EXTENZA
38
He argues that a person should only believe the things that can pass the test of doubt
RENE DESCARTES
39
Descartes searched and proved completely true statements. “_____” and “______”
I AM THINKING & I EXIST
40
English philosopher, political theorist and physician His work as a physician provided him with an idea that deviated from the duality of the body and soul.
JOHN LOCKE
41
ACCORDING TO JOHN LOCKE, A person’s mind is a ______ or ______ at birth
blank slate or tabula rasa
42
blank slate is filled THROUGH _______
EXPERIENCES
43
Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian during the Age of Enlightenment. Anchored his definition of the self on the empiricist school of thought.
DAVID HUME
44
Hume described the "self" or person
as a bundle or collection of perceptions.
45
HUME'S BUNDLE THEORY, THE SELF IS IN A "____________"
PERPETUAL FLUX
46
HUME'S PERCEPTIONS the difference consists in the ________ with which they strike the mind
degrees of force and liveliness
47
Hume's focus on ___ and _____ as the basis for knowledge and understanding
empiricism and observable experiences
48
- Hume's concept of the "self" is a passive observer - Similar to watching one's life pass before the eyes like a play or on a screen - Total annihilation of the "self" occurs at death
PASSIVE OBSERVER
49
German Philosopher who is known for his works on Empiricism and Rationalism
IMMANUEL KANT
50
- Kant's concept of "Transcendental Apperception" as the essence of consciousness. - This sense synthesizes one's accumulation of experiences, intuition, and imagination to establish the notion of the self. - It goes beyond what we directly observe but allows us to become aware of concepts like time and space
TRANSCENDENTAL APPERCEPTION
51
- Believes that we have the capability to understand concepts beyond our direct experiences. - We can think and have a clear identification of who we are, establishing a unique and distinct sense of self.
UNDERSTANDING BEYOND EXPERIENCE
52
- Argues that the self is defined by the synthesis of impressions, intuition, and consciousness. - It is not solely based on sensory experiences but also on our ability to integrate and interpret those experiences.
SYNTHESIS OF EXPERIENCES AND INTUITION
53
- Kant's view that the self is not just an object that perceives and reacts to experiences. - We have the capacity to go beyond our immediate experiences and develop a deeper understanding of ourselves
BEYOND PERCEIVING AND REACTING
54
HE defined self as an organizing principle that synthesizes experience.
IMMANUEL KANT
55
The mind allows us to distinguish not only things that are present in this world, but also those that are not present but we experienced anyway. He calls these the ______
APPARATUSES OF THE MIND
56
questioned the limitation of the self to the body and soul
LOCK, HUME, AND KANT
57
They introduced the concepts of consciousness, personal identity and memory.
LOCK, HUME AND KANT
58
Labeled the long-running dilemma on the duality of self as an “invalid problem” He said that the body and mind are too intertwined, making them inseparable. Our bodies, experiences, thoughts and emotions, all that make us, are one and the same self, making it an embodied subjectivity
MAURICE MERLEAU - PONTY
59
Denied the concept of the duality of self, especially the non-physical self. The self is just a label we call all the behaviors we make as individuals.
GILBERT RYLE
60
Churchland was a materialist who believed that nothing except matter exists. He debunked the concept of the non-physical mind as a seat of consciousness. Promoted the view of self based on brain states rather than in mental states. After all, the brain exists in the physical world and the mind does not
PAUL CHURCHLAND

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