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USELF > 1.2.Philosophical Perspective V3 > Flashcards

1.2.Philosophical Perspective V3 Flashcards

1
Q

birth of Philosophy in the 6th Century

A

ANCIENT GREECE

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2
Q

ANCIENT GREEK
PHILOSOPHY REACHED
ITS PEAK IN THE
CLASSICAL PERIOD
BECAUSE OF
PHILOSOPHERS SUCH
AS _______, _____ , & ___________.

A

SOCRATES, PLATO & ARISTOTLE

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3
Q

PHILO MEANS

A

LOVING

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4
Q

SOPHIA MEANS

A

KNOWLEDGE/ WISDOM

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5
Q

WHO SAID: The unexamined life is not worth living

A

SOCRATES

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6
Q

The first philosopher engaged in questioning
the concept of self.

His life and ideas were documented by his
students, the historian Xenophon and the
philosopher Plato. They showed how _______
applied systematic questioning of the self.

______also believed that it is the duty of the
philosopher to know oneself.

A

SOCRATES

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7
Q

WHO believed that every man is dualistic, composed of body and soul.

All individuals have an imperfect and impermanent aspect which is the body.

On the other hand, there is a perfect and
permanent aspect which is the soul.

A

SOCRATES

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8
Q

The world is composed of _____ and _____ things.

A

PHYSICAL & MENTAL

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9
Q

is a physical thing that
is imperfect and impermanent.

A

BODY

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10
Q

is a mental thing and is permanent.

A

SOUL

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11
Q

Since the soul is mental, it ____________

A

can exist even without the physical body

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12
Q

WHO maintained that
our true self is our soul.

A

SOCRATES

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13
Q

The philosophy of Socrates underlies the
importance of the notion of “_______”

A

knowing oneself

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14
Q

Socrates believed that _________ and ______ were essential to the good life

A

self-examination and introspection

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15
Q

WHO SAID THIS: “Believed that the goal of life is to be happy.”

A

SOCRATES

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16
Q

is the moral quality that makes an individual good

A

VIRTUE

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17
Q

WHO SAID: “Good actions give strength to ourselves and inspire good actions in others.”

A

PLATO

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18
Q

HE is best known for his Theory of Forms,
which asserted that the physical world isn’t
really “real” because ultimate reality exists
beyond the physical world.

A

PLATO

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19
Q

is perhaps the single most important influence on Western
thought regarding the notion of self.

HE believed that the soul–not a spiritual being, but rather one with an intellectual connotation–is what
enables humans to know the Forms
(ideas).

A

PLATO

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20
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 CONCEPTS OF SOUL

A
  • RATIONAL SOUL
  • SPIRITED SOUL
  • APPETITIVE SOUL
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21
Q

WHAT CONCEPT OF SOUL THAT governs reason and intellect. Also known as the thinking/intellectual soul

A

RATIONAL SOUL

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22
Q

WHAT CONCEPT OF SOUL THAT takes charge of emotions.

A

SPIRITED SOUL

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23
Q

WHAT CONCEPT OF SOUL THAT rules basic
human desires.

A

APPETITIVE SOUL

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24
Q

When you are able to justify why you need to continue pursuing a college degree to
your parents, that is the
_______ of the soul helping you out.

A

RATIONAL CONCEPT

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25
Q

When you are able to contain your feelings and argue on the topic with a logical perspective, that is your
____ taking charge of your emotions.

A

SPIRITED SOUL

26
Q

When you feel unsupported in your desire to pursue higher
education, it’s your _______ asking to be satisfied.

A

APPETITIVE SOUL

27
Q

He emphasized that all three parts of the soul must work harmoniously to attain justice and virtue in a person.

A

PLATO

28
Q

WHO Started the concept of the dual self by mind and body dualism.

A

SOCRATES & PLATO

29
Q

WHO SAID THAT All knowledge leads to God.

A

ST. AUGUSTINE

30
Q

Considered one of the most significant Christian thinkers,
especially in the development of Latin
Christianity theology.

His idea of the “self” merged that of Plato and the then-new Christian perspective, which led him to believe
in the duality of a person.

A

ST. AUGUSTINE

31
Q

asserted that the Forms
were concepts existing within God. The soul belonged in this realm, which allowed it to have
scientific thinking abilities. His concept of the “self” was an inner, immaterial “I” that has self-knowledge and selfawareness.

A

ST. AUGUSTINE

32
Q

WHO viewed the dual
nature of self in the context where one is imperfect and immortal.

A

ST. AUGUSTINE

33
Q

ACCORDING TO ST. AUGUSTINE, The soul can be _____through
____ with the Divine

A

IMMORTAL, COMMUNION

34
Q

French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher

A

RENE DESCARTES

35
Q

ACCORDING TO DESCARTES, PERSON IS COMPOSED OF: ____ & _____

A

COGITO - THE MIND & EXTENZA - THE BODY

36
Q

Descartes believed
that the mind is the seat of consciousness

A

COGITO

37
Q

which is the extension of the mind. The body (which includes the human senses) is unreliable and should not be trusted

A

EXTENZA

38
Q

He argues that a person should only believe the things that can pass the test of doubt

A

RENE DESCARTES

39
Q

Descartes searched and proved completely true statements.
“_____” and “______”

A

I AM THINKING & I EXIST

40
Q

English philosopher,
political theorist and
physician

His work as a physician
provided him with an idea that deviated from the duality of the body and soul.

A

JOHN LOCKE

41
Q

ACCORDING TO JOHN LOCKE, A person’s mind is a ______ or ______ at birth

A

blank slate or tabula rasa

42
Q

blank slate is filled THROUGH _______

A

EXPERIENCES

43
Q

Scottish philosopher,
economist, and historian during the Age of Enlightenment.

Anchored his definition of the self on the empiricist school of thought.

A

DAVID HUME

44
Q

Hume described the “self” or person

A

as a bundle or collection of perceptions.

45
Q

HUME’S BUNDLE THEORY, THE SELF IS IN A “____________”

A

PERPETUAL FLUX

46
Q

HUME’S PERCEPTIONS
the difference consists in the ________ with which they strike the mind

A

degrees of force and liveliness

47
Q

Hume’s focus on ___ and _____ as the basis for knowledge and understanding

A

empiricism and observable experiences

48
Q
  • Hume’s concept of the “self” is a passive
    observer
  • Similar to watching one’s life pass before
    the eyes like a play or on a screen
  • Total annihilation of the “self” occurs at death
A

PASSIVE OBSERVER

49
Q

German Philosopher
who is known for his
works on Empiricism and Rationalism

A

IMMANUEL KANT

50
Q
  • Kant’s concept of “Transcendental Apperception” as the essence of consciousness.
  • This sense synthesizes one’s accumulation of
    experiences, intuition, and imagination to establish the notion of the self.
  • It goes beyond what we directly observe but allows us to become aware of concepts like time and space
A

TRANSCENDENTAL APPERCEPTION

51
Q
  • Believes that we have the capability to understand concepts beyond our direct
    experiences.
  • We can think and have a clear identification of
    who we are, establishing a unique and distinct
    sense of self.
A

UNDERSTANDING BEYOND EXPERIENCE

52
Q
  • Argues that the self is defined by the synthesis of impressions, intuition, and consciousness.
  • It is not solely based on sensory experiences but also on our ability to integrate and interpret those experiences.
A

SYNTHESIS OF EXPERIENCES AND INTUITION

53
Q
  • Kant’s view that the self is not just an object that perceives and reacts to experiences.
  • We have the capacity to go beyond our
    immediate experiences and develop a deeper
    understanding of ourselves
A

BEYOND PERCEIVING AND REACTING

54
Q

HE defined self as an
organizing principle that synthesizes
experience.

A

IMMANUEL KANT

55
Q

The mind allows us to distinguish not only
things that are present in this world, but
also those that are not present but we
experienced anyway. He calls these the ______

A

APPARATUSES OF THE MIND

56
Q

questioned the limitation of the self to the body and soul

A

LOCK, HUME, AND KANT

57
Q

They introduced the concepts of consciousness, personal identity and memory.

A

LOCK, HUME AND KANT

58
Q

Labeled the long-running dilemma on
the duality of self as an “invalid problem”

He said that the body and mind are too intertwined, making them inseparable.

Our bodies, experiences, thoughts
and emotions, all that make us, are one and the same self, making it an embodied subjectivity

A

MAURICE MERLEAU - PONTY

59
Q

Denied the concept of the duality of self, especially the non-physical self.

The self is just a label we call all the behaviors we make as individuals.

A

GILBERT RYLE

60
Q

Churchland was a materialist who believed that nothing except matter exists.

He debunked the concept of the non-physical mind as a seat of consciousness.

Promoted the view of self based on brain states rather than in mental states. After all, the brain exists in the physical world and the mind does not

A

PAUL CHURCHLAND

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