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Biology > 12.4 Protein synthesis and selection > Flashcards

12.4 Protein synthesis and selection Flashcards

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1
Q

eukaryotes DNA

A
  • has ends - linear
  • very long
  • human DNA 3.2 B nucleotides
  • histone proteins (package it into cells wraps it around proteins)
  • 1 strand contains genes
  • exons and introns
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2
Q

prokaryotes DNA

A
  • dont contain a nucleus
  • shorter DNA
  • eukaryotic mitochondria + chloroplasts
  • DNA similar to eukaryotes
  • 1 strand contains genes
  • exons but no introns
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3
Q

exon definition

A

coding DNA base sequence found within a gene

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4
Q

intron definition

A

non-coding DNA base sequence found within a gene

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5
Q

similarities in prokaryotic DNA and eukaryotic DNA

A
  • P + E DNA have similar organelles
  • both made from nucleotides
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6
Q

differences in prokaryotic DNA and eukaryotic DNA

A
  • E is linear whereas P is circular
  • E is associated with histone proteins whereas P is not associated with histone proteins
  • E contains introns whereas P does not contain introns
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7
Q

4 types of RNA

A
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
  • rRNA
  • RNAi
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8
Q

codon definition

A

a sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

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9
Q

anticodon definition

A

a sequence of 3 nucleotide bases at one end of a tRNA molecule that is specific to an mRNA codon

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10
Q

mRNA characteristics

A
  • single stranded
  • complementary copy of a single gene from the TEMPLATE strand of DNA
  • shorter than DNA
  • sequence of bases on mRNA complementary to sequence of bases of the gene its copying
  • G-C and A-U
  • codons
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11
Q

differences in DNA and mRNA

A
  • DNA double stranded whereas mRNA single stranded
  • DNA longer whereas mRNA shorter
  • thymine DNA whereas uracil mRNA
  • deoxyribose DNA whereas ribose mRNA
  • H bonds DNA whereas no H bonds mRNA
  • introns DNA whereas no introns mRNA
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12
Q

tRNA characteristics

A
  • polynucleotide chain of about 75 nucleotides
  • single stranded
  • cloverleaf structure held by H bonds
  • amino acid attachment site where only a specific amino acid binds
  • anticodons
  • role is to carry a specific amino acid to the ribosome
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13
Q

what does the anticodon do on the tRNA molecule

A
  • anticodon is specific to the amino acid carried by the tRNA and is complementary to the codon on the mRNA
  • the anticodon base pairs with the codon on the mRNA molecule
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14
Q

genome definition

A

complete set of genes in a cell / complete base sequence of all the DNA from a cell of an organism

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15
Q

proteome definition

A

full range of proteins that a cell is able to produce

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16
Q

loci definition

A

position of a gene within chromosome

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17
Q

allele definition

A

a different version / form of a gene

18
Q

gene definition

A

a DNA base sequence that codes for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

19
Q

2 processes involved in protein synthesis

A

transcription and translation

20
Q

transcription definition

A

making a copy of the base sequence of a specific gene (DNA) onto the base sequence of an mRNA molecule

21
Q

translation definition

A

the conversion of the base sequence of mRNA (at a ribosome) into the specific amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain (primary structure)

22
Q

transcription of prokaryotes occurs in the…

A

cytoplasm

23
Q

transcription of eukaryotes occurs in the…

A

nucleus

24
Q

how does pre-mRNA turn into mature MRNA

A

its ‘spliced’

25
Q

what is the process of ‘splicing’

A

introns removed and the exons are re-joined

26
Q

stop codon

A

AUG

27
Q

key processes of transcription

A
  • forming a pre-mRNA molecule from the DNA
  • removing introns to create a mature mRNA molecule
28
Q

describe transcription

A

1 (DNA helicase) H bonds are broken so strands separate
2 only one DNA strand acts as template
3 RNA nucleotides are attracted to the exposed bases
4 (attraction) according to base pairing rule A-U, C-G
5 RNA polymerase joins (RNA) nucleotides together forming phosphodiester bonds through condensation reactions
6 Pre-mRNA spliced to remove introns (in eukaryotes)

29
Q

what are ribosomes made from

A

rRNA and ribosomal proteins

30
Q

what does RER stand for

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

31
Q

describe translation

A

1 mRNA binds to ribosome
2 ribosome finds the START codon
3 idea of 2 codons / binding sites
4 (allows) tRNA with complementary anticodons to bind / associate with codon
5 (catalyses) formation of peptide bond between amino acids (held by tRNA molecules) using energy from ATP
6 tRNA released as ribosome moves along (mRNA to the next codon) / translocation described
7 ribosome releases polypeptide into RER when the STOP codon is reached

32
Q

3 bases on DNA

A

triplet

33
Q

3 bases on mRNA

A

codon

34
Q

3 bases on tRNA

A

anticodon

35
Q

the genetic code characteristics

A
  • universal
  • non-overlapping
  • degenerate
36
Q

the genetic code is universal what does this mean

A

the same 3 bases on mRNA (codon) / DNA (triplets) code for the same amino acids in all organisms

37
Q

the mechanism of transcription and translation are…

A

universal throughout all organisms

38
Q

the genetic code is non-overlapping what does this mean

A
  • each base is only part of 1 triplet (DNA) / codon (mRNA)
  • during translation the ribosome reads each base only once in the codons on the mRNA - 1st 3 bases read, followed by 2nd 3 bases, then the 3rd 3 bases and so on in sets of 3
39
Q

the genetic code is degenerate what does this mean

A
  • more than 1 triplet (DNA) / codon (mRNA) codes for an amino acid
  • 20 amino acids and 64 combinations of triplets / codons
  • the 1st 2 bases are the most important when coding for amino acids
40
Q

non-overlapping definition from AQA

A

each base is read once in a triplet

41
Q

degenerate definition from AQA

A

more than 1 triplet for each amino acid

42
Q

evidence for triplet codes

A
  • 20 different amino acids and only 4 bases in any polynucleotide
  • sequence of these bases determines the 20 different amino acids

Biology (4 decks)

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