12.3 ATP, Water & Inorganic Ions Flashcards
what does ATP stand for
Adenosine Triphosphate
how is ATP produced
aerobic respiration which takes place in the mitochondria
what is ATP made up of
1 adenine base, 1 ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups
what is ATP role
used as the energy source in cells to carry out essential life processes
2 uses of ATP
1 provides energy for: active transport, muscle contraction protein synthesis, DNA replication, secretion of enzymes / hormones (exocytosis)
2 phosphorylation: of molecules to lower Ea / make substrates more reactive / activates enzymes by altering tertiary structure
role of ATP synthase
adds a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
role of ATP hydrolase
breaks down ATP to ADP and an inorganic phosphate group
when is a high energy bond created in ATP
when ADP joins to the phosphate group
what happens when the bind breaks between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate
small manageable amounts of usable energy is released
ATP is produced IN (and not FOR)…
photosynthesis and respiration
6 reasons why ATP is useful
1 releases relatively small amounts of energy / little energy is lost as heat
2 broken down in a single step, quickly reformed and made again
3 releases energy instantaneously
4 phosphorylates other compounds making them more reactive
5 can be rapidly resynthesised
6 is not lost from / does not leave cells
How much water is in the inside of a cell (cytoplasm)
70-95% many chemical reactions occur in it
How much water is in blood plasma
90% hormones, O2, CO2 dissolved in it
Properties of water
- dipole molecule
- ‘universal solvent
- cohesive
- metabolite
- high SHC
- high LH of vaporisation
- ice
Water is a dipole molecule how does this impact it
Dissolves charged particles
Water is a universal solvent how do this impact it
Allows chemicals and enzymes to dissolve in it so essential chemical reactions can occur
Water is cohesive how does this impact it
Provides surface tension for light insects so supports small organisms and prevents columns of water from breaking
Water is a metobalite how does this impact it
Involved in cell reactions condensation and hydrolysis
Water had a high SHC how does this impact it
Reduces fluctuations of temperature
Water has a high LH of vaporisation how does this impact it
Evaporation of small amount of water cools organisms
Water can turn into ice how does this impact it
Ice less dense than water same mass but bigger volume
Insulates the water below maintaining temp allowing organisms to survive in water
Ion definition
An atom that loses or gains electrons
Where are inorganic ions found
In cytoplasm and body fluids of organism in high and low concentrations
H+ and OH- function
- affect the acidity of solutions (pH)
- H+ used in respiration / photosynthesis to provide energy to make ATP
