12.3 ATP, Water & Inorganic Ions

Question 1

what does ATP stand for

Answer 1

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 2

how is ATP produced

Answer 2

aerobic respiration which takes place in the mitochondria

Question 3

what is ATP made up of

Answer 3

1 adenine base, 1 ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups

Question 4

what is ATP role

Answer 4

used as the energy source in cells to carry out essential life processes

Question 5

2 uses of ATP

Answer 5

1 provides energy for: active transport, muscle contraction protein synthesis, DNA replication, secretion of enzymes / hormones (exocytosis)
2 phosphorylation: of molecules to lower Ea / make substrates more reactive / activates enzymes by altering tertiary structure

Question 6

role of ATP synthase

Answer 6

adds a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Question 7

role of ATP hydrolase

Answer 7

breaks down ATP to ADP and an inorganic phosphate group

Question 8

when is a high energy bond created in ATP

Answer 8

when ADP joins to the phosphate group

Question 9

what happens when the bind breaks between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate

Answer 9

small manageable amounts of usable energy is released

Question 10

ATP is produced IN (and not FOR)…

Answer 10

photosynthesis and respiration

Question 11

6 reasons why ATP is useful

Answer 11

1 releases relatively small amounts of energy / little energy is lost as heat
2 broken down in a single step, quickly reformed and made again
3 releases energy instantaneously
4 phosphorylates other compounds making them more reactive
5 can be rapidly resynthesised
6 is not lost from / does not leave cells

Question 12

How much water is in the inside of a cell (cytoplasm)

Answer 12

70-95% many chemical reactions occur in it

Question 13

How much water is in blood plasma

Answer 13

90% hormones, O2, CO2 dissolved in it

Question 14

Properties of water

Answer 14

• dipole molecule
• ‘universal solvent
• cohesive
• metabolite
• high SHC
• high LH of vaporisation
• ice

Question 15

Water is a dipole molecule how does this impact it

Answer 15

Dissolves charged particles

Question 16

Water is a universal solvent how do this impact it

Answer 16

Allows chemicals and enzymes to dissolve in it so essential chemical reactions can occur

Question 17

Water is cohesive how does this impact it

Answer 17

Provides surface tension for light insects so supports small organisms and prevents columns of water from breaking

Question 18

Water is a metobalite how does this impact it

Answer 18

Involved in cell reactions condensation and hydrolysis

Question 19

Water had a high SHC how does this impact it

Answer 19

Reduces fluctuations of temperature

Question 20

Water has a high LH of vaporisation how does this impact it

Answer 20

Evaporation of small amount of water cools organisms

Question 21

Water can turn into ice how does this impact it

Answer 21

Ice less dense than water same mass but bigger volume
Insulates the water below maintaining temp allowing organisms to survive in water

Question 22

Ion definition

Answer 22

An atom that loses or gains electrons

Question 23

Where are inorganic ions found

Answer 23

In cytoplasm and body fluids of organism in high and low concentrations

Question 24

H+ and OH- function

Answer 24

• affect the acidity of solutions (pH)
• H+ used in respiration / photosynthesis to provide energy to make ATP

Question 25

Fe2+ / Fe3+ function

Answer 25

structural component of haemoglobin (binds O2) to allow the transport of O to respiring tissues

Question 26

Na+ function

Answer 26

• used in the co-transport of glucose and amino acids from the lumen of the small intestine, into intestinal epithelial cells. changes the water potential of the immediate area
• used in nervous conduction

Question 27

PO43- function

Answer 27

components of phospholipids (make the cell and organelle membranes), DNA, RNA and ATP

Question 28

NO2- and NO3- function

Answer 28

taken up from the soil by plant roots. used in making amino acids

Question 29

Cl- function

Answer 29

used in regulating the water potential of the small intestine