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Thera XI > 12 Type 2 DM Ma > Flashcards

12 Type 2 DM Ma Flashcards

1
Q

What is the approximate average glucose with an A1c of 7%?

A

~150, each percentage increase or decrease add/subtract 30

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2
Q

How should you manage your insulin if you’re sick?

A

Check blood glucose every 3-4 hours. Adjust by 1-2 units of regular or lispro insulin for every 30-40 mg/dL above target goal. If blood glucose > 240, check urine for ketones

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3
Q

What is required for T2DM diagnosis?

A

A1c > 6.5 OR 2hr OGTT > 200 OR FPG > 126 (8hr fast): any of the previous three need a repeat. Symptoms of DM + RBG > 200

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4
Q

According to the ADA, what are the DM Glycemic Goals?

A

A1c < 7%. FPG 70-130. PP < 180

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5
Q

What is the new BP goal for DM?

A

<140/80

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6
Q

What are the common symptoms of HYPOglycemia?

A

SWEATING! Shaky, increased HR, dizzy, anxious, hungry, blurry vision, weakness or fatigue, HA, irritable

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7
Q

What are the brand names of Metformin (Biguanides)?

A

Glucophage, Glucophage XR, Fortamet, Glumetza

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8
Q

How should Metformin be titrated to avoid GI effects?

A

Week 1: 1 tablet PO. Week 2: 1 tablet BID. Week 3: 2 tablets QAM, 1 tab QPM. Week 4: 2 tabs BID

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9
Q

What is the BBW with Biguanides (Metformin)?

A

Lactic acidosis. Blood lactate > 5, decreased blood pH, electrolyte disturbances; malaise, rapid breathing, SOB, severe weakness, coma

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10
Q

What are the contraindications to Metformin use?

A

Renal: SCr > 1.5 in men, > 1.4 in women. Acute/chronic metabolic acidosis. Radiological studies with iodinated contrast (48hrs prior and after procedure - hold)

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11
Q

What are some precautions before Metformin use?

A

Chronic hepatic dysfunctino (decreases lactate CL), Alcoholism. CHF

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12
Q

What are the current recommendations for primary prevention of CVD in patients with DM at CV risk (10 year risk > 10%)?

A

ASA 75-162mg/day (in case of allergy, Clopidogrel 75mg/day may be substituted)

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13
Q

What vaccines must DM patients be up to date on?

A

Annual influenza vaccine indicated to all DM patients > 6 months of age. Pneumococcal vaccine recommended for all DM patients > 2 years x1 dose

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14
Q

What is response like for doses of Sulfonylureas?

A

Response plateaus after half max dose for each respective SFU

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15
Q

What are the common side effects with SFUs?

A

Hypoglycemia (NEVER administer to fasting patient, skip meal skip dose). Weight gain. GI upset. Photosensitivity, skin rash, erythema, pruritus

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16
Q

When are Sulfonylureas contraindicated?

A

Type 1 DM. DKA (want to use insulin)

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17
Q

Which Sulfonylureas should be avoided with sulfa allergies?

A

Glipizide, Glyburide

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18
Q

Which Sulfonylureas should be avoided with renal problems?

A

Glipizide: CrCl < 10, Glyburide: CrCl < 50, Glimepiride: CrCl < 22

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19
Q

What are the Meglitinides used?

A

Nateglinide (Starlix). Repaglinide (Prandin)

20
Q

What is the MOA of Meglitinides?

A

Cause glucose-dependent insulin release

21
Q

What are the common ADRs with Meglitinides?

A

Hypoglycemia (NEVER administer when fasting, avoid meal avoid dose). Weight gain

22
Q

What are the advantages of Meglitinides?

A

Less hypoglycemia than sulfonylureas. Reduced post-prandial glucose

23
Q

What are the disadvantages of Meglitinides?

A

AE. Cost $$$. More frequent dosing

24
Q

What are the Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) used?

A

Pioglitazone (Actos). Rosiglitazone (Avandia) - MI risk

25
What is important to remember about TZDs PK?
DELAYED (may not be apparent for 3 months)
26
What is the MOA of TZDs?
Increase insulin sensitivity in muscle, adipose and liver. Little risk of hypoglycemia, give w/o regards to meals
27
What is the BBW associated with TZDs?
CHF (not recommended for patients w/ HF (Class III, IV)). MI (Rosiglitazone only)
28
When are TZDs contraindicated?
HF (class III, IV). DMI, DKA. ALT > 2.5x ULN
29
When should you use precaution with TZDs?
Cardiac disease. Edema. Hepatic disease
30
What are the common ADRs with TZDs?
Edema (fluid retention). Weight gain. Increased LFTs
31
What are the advantages of TZDs?
Reduce insulin resistance. Improved lipid profile (pioglitazone)
32
What are the disadvantages of TZDs?
MI risk (Rosiglitazone). ADRs: CHF, Liver disease. Cost $$$
33
What are the Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors used?
Acarbose (Precose), Miglitol (Glyset)
34
What is the MOA of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors?
Decrease post-prandial glucose levels: inhibits alpha-glucosidase in small intestine --> delayed hydrolysis of disaccharides/complex carbohydrates. Not very useful in patients on high protein, low carb diets (Atkins)
35
What are the ADRs with Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors?
GI effects (flatulence, diarrhea, cramps), increased LFTs
36
When are Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors contraindicated?
Hypersensitivity. Severe digestive problems (IBD, ulcerations, obstructions, etc.)
37
What is some counseling to do for TZDs?
Take with first bite of meal. DO NOT TAKE if meal is skipped. Treat hypoglycemia w/ GLUCOSE, not sucrose. SLOW titration to avoid GI effects
38
When are Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors useful?
If close to goal with elevated post-prandial BG and do not want to start insulin
39
What are the Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP4) Inhibitors used?
Sitagliptin (Januvia), Saxagliptin (Onglyza), Linagliptin (Trajenta)
40
What are the ADRs associated with DPP-4 Inhibitors?
HA, Nasopharyngitis, URTI, Pancreatitis
41
Which DPP-4 Inhibitor does NOT require renal adjustment?
Linagliptin (Trajenta)
42
What are the advantages of DPP-4 Inhibitors?
No hypoglycemia. Weight neutral/loss
43
What are the disadvantages of DPP-4 Inhibitors?
Limited efficacy. Adverse effects. Cost $$$
44
What is the only non-insulin medication approved for T1DM?
Amylin Analogue (Pramlintide (SymlinPen). Adjunct for mealtime insulin users. Injected SC immediately before meals
45
What are the Incretin Mimetics used?
Exenatide (Byetta), Liraglutide (Victoza)

Thera XI (16 decks)

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