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Coastal Environments Processes and Management > 12: Hazards > Flashcards

12: Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main things used to measure and event’s extremity?

A

Magnitude and frequency

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2
Q

What differentiates tsunamis from normal waves?

A

They are impulsively generated not tidally generated

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3
Q

What wavelengths can tsunamis reach?

A

> 500km

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4
Q

What can intervals between tsunamis reach?

A

10 minutes to 2 hours

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5
Q

What is the potential speed of tsunamis?

A

700-900km/h

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6
Q

What are 6 causes of tsunamis?

A

Earthquakes, landslides, submarine slides, turbidity currents, volcanic eruptions, nuclear tests and asteroids

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7
Q

What are near and far field causes of tsunamis?

A

Far field means they are generated further away from the point of impact whereas near field is more local

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8
Q

What differentiates far and near field causes of tsunamis in terms of detection?

A

Far field tsunamis are more likely to be detected before they strike as they will pass lots of monitoring stations before. Near field however are less detectable prior to impact and so are more likely to have more damaging impacts as well as they will retain more of their initial energy

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9
Q

What happens to tsunamis in shallow water?

A

Speed decreases and height increases

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10
Q

Where are tsunamis barely detectable and why?

A

Middle of the ocean - because their wavelengths are so long that they can be spread out over such a broad area

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11
Q

What might happen at the coast/beach just before a tsunami strikes

A

It may seem like the tide is rapidly falling then rising again as the wave approaches

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12
Q

What may the runup of tsunamis exceed as they approach the coastline?

A

30m

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13
Q

What % of tsunamis are classed as ‘catastrophic’?

A

10%

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14
Q

How many tsunamis occur on average in the Pacific?

A

5

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15
Q

What is the classed risk of Australia to cyclone?

A

‘moderate’

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16
Q

What are the two things that can be do towards preparing for tsunamis and mitigating their potential impact?

A

Monitoring and warning centres

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17
Q

Give an example of a warning centre

A

Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre or Australian Tsunami Warning System

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18
Q

Give an example of a tsunami monitoring body?

A

Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART)

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19
Q

What potential evidence is there of past tsunamis occurring in NSW?

A

Boulders collected on top of a 25m platform in Jervis Bay

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20
Q

Who claimed the boulders on top of a platform in Jervis Bay was a product of a tsunami and who disagreed and why?

A

Ted Bryant and Bob Young proposed the boulders were carried by tsunami. However Switzer and Burston (2010) stated that thsi is unjustified and currently there is no adequate evidence to truly supportt this claim

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21
Q

When was the Sulawesi Tsunami?

A

2018

22
Q

What was the magnitude of the Sulawesi Tsunami?

A

7.5

23
Q

What was the wave height of the Sulawesi Tsunami?

A

4-7m

24
Q

Where did the Sulawesi Tsunami impact massively?

A

Palau and surrounding islands

25
Q

What does Colin believe in terms of distinguishing storm surge and tsunami-derived deposits?

A

Deposits located on islands in the middle of the ocean are more likely to be a storm surge because tsunamis do not usually break in waters as deep as those around oceanic islands

26
Q

What are two places that have deposits that are debated over in terms of whether they are a product of a storm surge or a tsunami?

A

Suwarrow and Aran Islands

27
Q

What is a good place to study the difference between storm surge and tsunami deposits and why?

A

Japan - because it experiences a significant amount of both

28
Q

What is the main difference between storm and tsunami deposits proposed by Goto et al., 2010?

A

Tsunami deposits usually reach further inland as the energy within Tsunamis can support transport of these larger pieces of material for a longer time period and therefore over a greater distance in direction of wave

29
Q

What are the main causes of storm surges

A

Low pressure systems - strong onshore winds and low atmospheric pressure

30
Q

What way do low pressure system rotate in the southern hemisphere?

A

clockwise

31
Q

What are two major things that can enhance the impact of storm surges on the coast?

A
  1. Continental shelf and local topography - if the journey of the surge to the coast is over a smooth sea floor then the energy is conserved better and then if when it reaches the coast it is funnelled through a bathymetric groove then this energy is concentrated just before it hits the coast
  2. Flooding (extreme rainfall) can cause the local SLR and therefore the associated impacts of this storm become more extreme
32
Q

What is important to remember even if the storm surge does not reach the land?

A

The peak can still occur in the ocean and the impacts deriving from within the ocean can be transported to the coast

33
Q

What was the maximum storm surge height recorded in Australia and where?

A

13m in Cape York

34
Q

Where will storm surge levels be highest when a storm surge crosses the coastline?

A

Higher on the left (in the direction of cyclone movement)

35
Q

When was Hurricane Katrina?

A

2005

36
Q

Describe the strength of Katrina as it passed over North America?

A

It was a C4 when it reaches south Florida, it then went to a C3 but then once it went over Gulf of Mexico it went up to a C5. It then reached its second landward movement and travelled up to Quebec but it was significantly weaker by this point

37
Q

What island group was particularly devastated by Hurricane Katrina?

A

Chandeleur Islands

38
Q

What is the name of the US cyclone scale and how is it different from the Australian one?

A

Saffir-Simpson. It’s measurements for the same category of storm severity is slightly higher

39
Q

What are the 3 main challenges for the Mississippi Delta that might cause future cyclones/hurricanes to be more damaging?

A

SLR
Subsidence (more rapid than rate of SLR so relative SLR is a lot higher)
Decreased sediment influx (sediment marhses are deprived of sediment due to damming

40
Q

What is being done to try and restore the sediment influx to the Mississippi Delta?

A

Efforts to try and divert the river towards the delta so it can recover

41
Q

When is the Cyclone season in Australia?

A

November to April

42
Q

How many cyclone pass through Australia during the cyclone season?

A

13

43
Q

What % of the global total of cyclones pass through Australia?

A

16%

44
Q

Where do 1/2 the cyclone in Australia affect?

A

Western Australia

45
Q

What % of cyclones in Australia actually become severe?

A

50%

46
Q

What is an example devastating cyclone in Darwin and a period where cyclones were very frequent?

A

Cyclone Tracy in Darwin and the 1970s was a major problem which massively affected Brisbane

47
Q

Where is knowledge of cyclones really important and why?

A

Queensland because there is a lot of agriculture in this state

48
Q

Outline the future state of cyclones under climate change as a general course

A

Number of storms increasing
Hurricanes are getting stronger and lasting longer
Ocean energy is rapidly increasing

49
Q

What was an example cyclone of the potential effects that climate change is having on their cyclone occurrence?

A

Hurricane Sandy

50
Q

What was a really devastating cyclone that occurred recently and where did it affect?

A

Hurricane Michael in 2018 that affected Mexico Beach, Florida

Coastal Environments Processes and Management (14 decks)

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