12 Basic Science Flashcards by brian langford

Mechanism of Type III immune rxns

IgG and IgM complexes deposit in basement membranes of blood vessels resulting in outflow of plasma into tissues, activation of complement, and influx of neutrophils

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Mechanism of Type IV immune rxn

overenthusiastic T cell response to an environmental Ag where macrophages damage adjacent tissues

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Which cells can antigen present

monocytes, macrophages, dentritic cells, Langerhans cells, B cells

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Which subtype of TH cell requires IL-1 to proliferate in response to Ag

TH2

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What determines the class of an Ig

The heavy chain

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Which Ig prevents parasite infxn

IgE

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What immune cell displays CD2, CD16, CD56 and kills some types of tumor cells without depending on prior immunization

NK cells

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In which are of the inner ear are immunologically active structures most commonly found and what is the predominant Ig there?

Endolymphatic sac; IgA

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What is the concentration of Ig in perilymph vs serum

1/1000th

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What is predominant Ig in perilymph

IgG

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How long does it take for most acid-fast bacilli to grow

7-10 days

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what infectious organisms are eukaryotic

fungi and protozoa

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which cell type contains peptidoglycan in its cell wall

prokaryotes

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The ability of bacteria to take up extracellular DNA from their environment is known as what

competence

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Which bacterial infxn accounts for more deaths than any other vaccine-preventable bacterial dz?

strep pneumoniae

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What percent of population is colonized in NP with strep pneumoniae

40%

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What are 5 stages of biofilm development

Initial attachment
Irreversible attachment
Maturation I
Maturation II
Dispersion

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What type of cell receptor do thyroid hormone use

Nuclear

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What hormone normally regulates protein synthesis and breakdown

insulin

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1/2 life of T4

7 days

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Thyroid hormone is stored as _____, the main component of colloid

Thyroglobulin

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Most of the circulating thyroid hormone is bound by _______

Throxine-binding globulin

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In pts treated for thyroid CA, post-tx thyroglobulin levels are less usefull in the presence of elevated _____

antithyroglobulin antibodies

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What hormone receptors are present in JNAs?

Dihydrotestosterone and testosterone

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What part of the pituitary gland is derived from Rathke's pouch?

anterior pit

secretion of TSH from ant pit results in increased or decreased colloid production in thyroid gland?

decreased

what is the major inhibiting hormone of TSH

when during day does growth hormone production peak

2-3 hrs into sleep (stage III or IV)

What is the major inhibiting hormone to growth hormone

somatostatin

what effect do exercise and stress have on growth hormone secretion

stimulate secretion

what is the m/c cause of DI

50% idiopathic

what happens to PTH levels as ppl age

rise

What will happen to reverse T3 and T3 levels during fasting, systemic illness, and acute psychiatric illness

Reverse T3 will increase and T3 will decrease

Which thyroid blood test correlates best with the metabolic state of the pt

Free thyroxine index (fT4I) = t4 x THBR (thyroid hormone binding ratio)

How long does it take for 100% Wallerian degeneration to occur after - complete nerve transection? - compressive conduction block?

- 3-5 days | - 14-21 days

B/w which days after injury is the degree of axonotmesis and neurotmesis unclear

6-14

Waht are the 3 types of nerve injury and which result in wallerian degeneration

Neuropraxia (no) Axonotmesis (yes) Neurotmesis (yes, more rapid rate of WD)

What is Sutherland's classification for nerve injury

- 1st degree: reversible conduction block (neuropraxia) - 2nd: WD occurs but endoneurium intact, recovery usu complete - 3rd: Endoneurium destroyed but perineurium intact; recovery incomplete - 4th: epineurium intact; recovery poor - 5th: complete transsection, recovery not expected

Where is B-2 transferrin found

CSF, perilymph, vitreous humor

Where in the brain is the biological clock

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Which rootlet makes greater occipital nerve

“The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the___ segments of the spinal cord while the sympathetic nervous system originates in the___ segments of the spinal cord

Craniosacral; thoracolumbar

What are the products of plt degranulation

TGF-B and PDGF

T/F: TGF-B stimulates cell proliferation

False, it inhibits it via stimulation of the SMAD proteins

What does p53 do

tumor suppressor gene on 17p that is upregulated in presence of cellular injury and DNA damage. It is supposed to arrest cell cycle at G1/S checkpoint

What is the role of cyclin D1 in H&N CA?

It is a kinase that leads to phosphorylation of RB protein (inactivating it) allowing cell to enter S phase amplified in up to 1/3 of H&N CA

What is the role of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) in H&N CA?

Upregulation of cyclooxygenase has been shown to increase prostaglandins, decrease apoptosis, and increase angiogenesis via vascular endothelial growth factor in H&N tumors

What happens when epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is bound by EGF or TGF-alpha?

Intracellular tyrosine kinase is activated, leading to inhibition of apoptosis and activation of cell proliferation and angiogenesis.

What is the role of EGFR and TGF-alpha in H&N CA?

Overexpressed in 80-90% of SCCa of the H&N

What is the prognostic significance of EGFR expression?

High levels of EGFR expression are correlated with poor prognosis and resistance to RT

“Autosomal recessive conditions are frequently associated with___ defects whereas autsosomal dominant conditions are frequently associated with___ defects.

enzyme; protein structure

Which type of inheritance pattern has a recurrence risk that varies with the number of affected family members

Polygenic inheritance

Hurler-Scheie syndrome is caused by which gene mutations with which inheritance pattern?

This syndrome is inherited in an Auto Rec pattern with the phenotype a product of 2 different mutations of the IDUA gene (compound heterozygotes)

What is a syndrome

pattern of multiple anomalies pathogenetically related

What is a microdeletion syndrome

Variable phenotypic pattern resulting from duplication or deletion of a small segment of linked chromosome material/genes that are functionally unrelated

What syndrome is caused by a microdeletion in chrom 17 and is a/w MR, broad feet and hands, peripheral neuropathy, HL, and recurrent OM, disturbed sleep patterns, and inserting foreign objects into bodily orifices

Smith-Magenis syndrome

What is a sequence

multiple defects arising from a single structural anomaly where the order of maldevelopment is understood

What is an association

malformations occurring together more frequently than would be expected from chance alone

What is genetic anticipation

a phenomenon seen in d/o caused by unstable trinucleotide repeats where the age of onset of the d/o is younger and the phenotype becomes more severe with each succeeding generation

“A classic example of genetic imprinting is seen with microdeletions of the region 15q11 to 15q13. A microdeletion of the paternal chromosome 15 causes___ and microdeletion of the maternal chromosome 15 causes____.

Prader-Willi syndrome; Angelman syndrome