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Neuro Final > 12/7 > Flashcards

12/7 Flashcards

1
Q

Attention is a

A

selective focus allows cognitive processing to be optimally used
process of focusing on a particular type of stimuli, can be applied more broadly to internal cognitive processes

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2
Q

Change blindness

A

large changes not noticed because not paying attention to them

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3
Q

Dichotic presentation

A

simultaneous delivery of different stimuli to both ears at the same time.
report little about stimuli in un-attended ear
(opposite of R ear advantage)

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4
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

failure to perceive un-attended visual stimuli

(focus on particular stimuli, not remember what not attended on)

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5
Q

Endogenous attention

A

voluntary
What pay attention to
can be maintained longer than reflexive attention
TOP DOWN

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6
Q

Exogenous attention

A

reflexive
comes from outside - important stimuli draws attention whether want to or not (ex. glass braking)
BOTTOM UP

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7
Q

Overt attention

A

Obvious (move eye)

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8
Q

Covert attention

A

Not Obvious (gaze fixed on something but attention shifted)

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9
Q

Symbolic Queuing test

A

stare at dot (fixation), cue given (arrow provides info), delay, target

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10
Q

Valid trial

A

cue has correct information

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11
Q

Invalid trial

A

Cue has incorrect information

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12
Q

Neutral trial

A

not correct or incorrect info (arrow going both ways)

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13
Q

Voluntary shift in attention

A

decrease in processing speed (if shift where target is)

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14
Q

ERP on EEG

A

Average of recording over time (so much random activity, need to average)
shows shift in attention

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15
Q

N1

A

Auditory stimulus

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16
Q

P3

A

P300 also
wave associated with higher order cognitive processing or attention (ex. novelty)
~300ms after stimulus

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17
Q

N

A

negative going (upwards)

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18
Q

P

A

positive going (downwards)

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19
Q

Valid cue and ERP

A

P1 & N1 larger (than invalid)

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20
Q

N1 effect

A

size of N1 is greater for attended vs non-attended

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21
Q

Subcortical areas controlling shift in attention

A

Superior colliculus
Pulvinar

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22
Q

Superior colliculus

A

mid brain, early visual processing, direct gaze towards attention
guides movement of eyes towards object of attention

23
Q

Pulvinar

A

Back part of the thalamus
orient gaze, shifts attention, filtering stimuli
larger number of distracters, greater activation

24
Q

Cortical areas controlling shift in attention

A

Dorsal frontoparietal network
Right temporoparietal network

25
Q

Dorsal frontoparietal network

A

necessary for endogenous attention and directs gaze via the frontal eye field
spans frontal and parietal lobes (both hemispheres)
Cognitive control of voluntary
TOP DOWN mechanism

26
Q

Active in directing gaze (in dorsal frontoparietal network)

A 
Intraparietal sulcus (IPS)
frontal eye fields
27
Q

Right temporoparietal network

A

temporal and parietal lobes
Primarily in the R side
reflexive capture of attention
scans for novel stimuli drawling exogenous attention
involves TPJ
BOTTOM UP

28
Q

Right hemisphere

A

plays a greater role in attention

29
Q

Hemi-spatial neglect

A

stroke destroyed part of cortical attention networks on R hand side
Usually neglect of L hand side of the world
extends to other modalities (sensation from L leg/hand)

30
Q

Balint’s syndrome

A

Bilateral damage to parts of the parietal lobe
narrowing of attention
inability to pay attention to more than one thing at a time

31
Q

if your un conscious

A

you cant pay attention

32
Q

Cognitively impenetrable

A

Basic neural processing operations that are unconscious
things we are not conscious of going on inside our brain

33
Q

Easy problem of consciousness

A

understanding how patterns of neural activity create specific conscious experiences
seems directly susceptible to standard methods of cognitive science

34
Q

Hard problem of consciousness

A

understanding brain processes that produce people’s subjective experiences of consciousness
Not even know how to measure
one person’s perception of red NOT = to another’s

35
Q

Qualia

A

purely subjective experience of perceptions

36
Q

Degrees of unconsciousness

A

Sleep, general anesthesia, coma, persistent vegetative state
F+P very large (decreases in activity)
Frontal cortex, Parietal cortex

37
Q

Large area of cortex with decreased activity in PVS (Persistent vegetative state)

A

Frontal and Parietal cortexes

38
Q

Free Will

A

Idea that we can make conscious decisions about our own behavior

39
Q

Before conscious of making a decision

A

brain already preparing for it

40
Q

10s before conscious

A

involved in decision making

41
Q

5s before conscious

A

increased activity in motor cortex

42
Q

P1 effect

A

~70-100ms after stimulus

  • *enhanced for selectively attending visual imput** compare with ignored imput
  • only visual* tasks involving spatial attention
43
Q

Visual search tasks __ N2

A

subcomponent, N2pc
triggered at occipitotemporal sites contralateral to the visual target.

44
Q

Lesion in one superior colliculus

A

inhabitation of return was reduced for visual stimuli on affected side

(normally so we don’t return to them too soon after gaze has moved on)

45
Q

Temporoparietal junction

A

TPJ - where temporal and parietal lobes meet
“circuit breaker” overriding current attention if something new and unexpected happens

46
Q

Balint’s syndrome symptoms

A

1) great difficulty steering their visual gaze appropriately (oculomotor ataxia)
2) unable to accurately reach for objects using visual guidance (Optic ataxia)
3) profound restriction of attention - only one object or feature can be consciously observed at a time (simultagnosia)

47
Q

Default mode network

A

“day dream network”
A circuit of brain regions that is active during quiet introspective thought.
monkeys have - they may think?

48
Q

claustrum

A

a slender sheet of neurons buried within the white matter of the forebrain lateral to the basal ganglia—plays a critical role in generating the experience of being conscious by virtue of its remarkable reciprocal connections with virtually every area of cortex, and especially prefrontal cortex.
place electrode here may be able to “switch off” consciousness

49
Q

Executive functioning

A

A neural and cognitive system that helps develop plans of action and organizes the activities of other high-level processing systems.
involves at least three interrelated processes: (1) smooth task switching between different cognitive operations, (2) continual updating of the cognitive plan based on new information and the contents of working memory, and (3) timely inhibition of responses that would compromise the plan

50
Q

hierarchical cognitive control

A

the ability to direct shorter-term actions while simultaneously keeping longer-term goals in mind

51
Q

Frontal lobe lesions

A

may cause motor perseveration
overall level of ordinary spontaneous motor activity is diminished
facial expression of emotions may be reduced
often have inability to plan future acts and use foresight

52
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex seems to link

A

pleasant experiences with reward signals generated elsewhere in the brain

53
Q

Tendency to ___ loss

A

overemphasize

54
Q

when make wrong, costly decision that regret, activity increases in

A

amygdala
orbitofrontal part of the prefrontal cortex

Neuro Final (4 decks)

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