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Neuro Final > 12/2 > Flashcards

12/2 Flashcards

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1
Q

More serotonin in the cleft for s/s

(Potential hypothesizes for why s/s inc. risk of depression)

A

SSRI - block reuptake
difference in transporters at early age - MAOI diff
- or COMP - less receptors produced
more serotonin - less releases of it

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2
Q

PTSD

A

one of anxiety disorders we know the most about.

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3
Q

Psychiatric illnesses (most people with)

A

have more than one disorder (ex. anxiety and depression)

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4
Q

Why is depression hard to treat

A

Feedback cycle

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5
Q

Feedback cycle

A

thoughts -> moods -> behaviors -> back to thoughts

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6
Q

Torpor

A

restlessness or agitation

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7
Q

Typical patient with depression sleep cycle

A

extended period of wakefulness
sever reduction in stage 3 sleep
REM starting earlier in the night

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8
Q

Increased activation in depression

A 
Amygdala (part of limbic system, emotional processing, persists after depression has alleviated) 
Prefrontal cortex (executive processing and decision making)
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9
Q

Decreased activation in depression

A

parietal
temporal
cingulate cortex (part of limbic system)

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10
Q

Serotonin is produced in

A 
cell bodies in restricted locations of the brain 
raphe nuclei 
some midbrain (project to forebrain inc. temporal (limbic system)), ponds, medulla
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11
Q

sert

A

serotonin reuptake transmitter
removes serotonin from cleft

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12
Q

Serotonin is a

A

monoamine

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13
Q

L- tryptophan to __ to __

A

5-HTP (Phan)
5-HT (or serotonin, amine)

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14
Q

Families of serotonin receptors

A

7
6 are G-protein coupled receptors
1 is a ligand-gated ion channel

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15
Q

Serotonin receptor subtypes

A

is 14

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16
Q

Drug classes to treat depression

A

MAOI
Tricyclics & Heterocyclics (inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and/or Dopamine
SSRI
Second gen & investigational (ex. NDRI, SNRI, NaSSA, SARI, opioid receptor modulator, ketamine)

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17
Q

NaSSA

A

noradrenergic and specific seratogenic antidepressant

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18
Q

SARI

A

Serotonin agonist and reuptake inhibitor

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19
Q

MAO

A

is an enzyme that breaks down 5-HT
is (mainly) inside of NA cells

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20
Q

SSRI & Serotonin hypothiss of depression

A

does not fully explain effects of depression because it take weeks to have an effect even though 5-HT ~immediately increases

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21
Q

Serotonin transporter gene

A

most studded
major interaction with childhood
s/s (short/short) increased risk for depression with maltreatment (vs l/l or long/long)

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22
Q

Goal of CBT

A

to change feedback loop

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23
Q

Large part of SSRI effectiveness

A

Placebo effect

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24
Q

If depression is less severe (SSRI)

A

are not effective
need to be severe depression (at onset)

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25
ECT
Electroconvulsive shock therapy causes a significant seizure electrical current is passed through the brain used in severe depression where there was no response to drug Can be effective/lasing results for weeks or moths
26
TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a form of ECT
27
DBS
Deep brain stimulation surgically implant electrode(s) into small brain areas effectiveness is controversial because there is no control group
28
Vagal never stimulation
Pace Maker stimulates it
29
Ketamine
often an anesthetic mechanism of action not fully understood PCP- like drug that relives depression almost immediately
30
Leptin
Hormone that controls eating behavior being researched for depression treatment
31
Tourette's
Abnormalities in dopamine receptors (high number of D2 receptors, especially in the basal ganglia) uncontrolled, unconscious mussel movements motor ticks vocal ticks compulsive action Age of onset much younger Some neuroleptics (from schizophrenia) can treat starts with eye, face, head motor ticks
32
Anxiety disorders are linked to
Frontal and temporal lobe changes often treated with benzos.
33
Anxiolytic
anti - anxiety
34
Benzodiazepines
Treat anxiety by binding to GABA-A receptors enhances GABA's inhibitory effects
35
Brain may contain some __ to interact with GABA receptor
of its own anti-anxiety substances
36
GABA receptors are widely distributed in
the cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala
37
Allopregnanolone
a neuro-steroid natural anxiolytic produced by the brain interacts with GABA-A receptor(s)
38
OCD
routine acts become compulsions (behaviors) recurrent thoughts become obsessions (thoughts)
39
OCD responds to
SSRI's serotonin dysfunction in orbitofrontal or prefrontal cortex plays a major role
40
OCD surgery
lesion made in cingulate cortex on both sides may help
41
PTSD is anxiety related to
an inability to forget
42
PTSD symptoms are related to
fear conditioning and amygdala also abnormal stress hormone systems
43
PTSD "Flow Chart"
Original trauma activates two systems 1) Brainstem 2) Amygdala Brainstem - acute neurochemical responses - sensitizes person to related stimuli in the future Amygdala - fear conditioning (potential failure in extinction response) - sensitivity to sensory and cognitive associations to original trauma
44
Acute neurochemical responses in PTSD
Locus coeruleus (norepinephrine) VTA (Dopamine) Endogenous opioids Corticotropin- releasing hormones
45
Hippocampal size & PTSD
is a risk factor small hippocampal size - if deployed/ has combat exposure - high susceptibility for PTSD
46
Benzodiazepines & GABA
Different site on receptor When benzo's bind they change the conformation that causes more Cl- to enter the cell WHEN GABA binds to the receptor enhance ability for GABA to hyperpolarize
47
GABA
is agonist for own receptor
48
Depression
Is clinically characterized by a commination of unhappy mood, loss of interests, reduced energy, changes in apatite, sleep patterns, and loss of pleasure in most things.
49
Stress and Depression
Can occur without any readily apparent stress
50
Suicided appears to be
an impulsive act after stopped first time only 6% went on to commit when more planning required - large decrease
51
Descendants of people with severe depression
also have a *thinner cortex* across large swaths of the **right hemisphere.**
52
Hippocampal volume in people with depression
reduced
53
ECT may hemp by
inducing the release of monoamines
54
SSRI's increase the rate
of the birth of new neurons
55
Meta - Analysis
analysis that combines the results of many previously published studies
56
Men vs Women Major Depression
Women more likely (hormones may play a role - postpartum depression)
57
Learned helplessness
in animal models, linked to a decrease in serotonin function
58
Rapid cycling bipolar disorder
four or more distinct cycles in a year
59
Bipolar disorder
also have enlarged ventricles, more manic episodes experienced, greater the ventricular enlargement. More in common w schizophrenia than depression
60
Lithium
treatment of BPD, also second gen antipsychotics may help people in the manic phase
61
Buspirone
Buspar agonist of 5-HT1A receptors
62
Children with OCD produce
antibodies to brain proteins perhaps along with a strep antibody response

Neuro Final (4 decks)

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