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Neuro Final > 12/2 > Flashcards

12/2 Flashcards

1
Q

More serotonin in the cleft for s/s

(Potential hypothesizes for why s/s inc. risk of depression)

A

SSRI - block reuptake
difference in transporters at early age - MAOI diff
- or COMP - less receptors produced
more serotonin - less releases of it

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2
Q

PTSD

A

one of anxiety disorders we know the most about.

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3
Q

Psychiatric illnesses (most people with)

A

have more than one disorder (ex. anxiety and depression)

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4
Q

Why is depression hard to treat

A

Feedback cycle

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5
Q

Feedback cycle

A

thoughts -> moods -> behaviors -> back to thoughts

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6
Q

Torpor

A

restlessness or agitation

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7
Q

Typical patient with depression sleep cycle

A

extended period of wakefulness
sever reduction in stage 3 sleep
REM starting earlier in the night

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8
Q

Increased activation in depression

A 
Amygdala (part of limbic system, emotional processing, persists after depression has alleviated) 
Prefrontal cortex (executive processing and decision making)
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9
Q

Decreased activation in depression

A

parietal
temporal
cingulate cortex (part of limbic system)

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10
Q

Serotonin is produced in

A 
cell bodies in restricted locations of the brain 
raphe nuclei 
some midbrain (project to forebrain inc. temporal (limbic system)), ponds, medulla
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11
Q

sert

A

serotonin reuptake transmitter
removes serotonin from cleft

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12
Q

Serotonin is a

A

monoamine

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13
Q

L- tryptophan to __ to __

A

5-HTP (Phan)
5-HT (or serotonin, amine)

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14
Q

Families of serotonin receptors

A

7
6 are G-protein coupled receptors
1 is a ligand-gated ion channel

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15
Q

Serotonin receptor subtypes

A

is 14

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16
Q

Drug classes to treat depression

A

MAOI
Tricyclics & Heterocyclics (inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and/or Dopamine
SSRI
Second gen & investigational (ex. NDRI, SNRI, NaSSA, SARI, opioid receptor modulator, ketamine)

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17
Q

NaSSA

A

noradrenergic and specific seratogenic antidepressant

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18
Q

SARI

A

Serotonin agonist and reuptake inhibitor

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19
Q

MAO

A

is an enzyme that breaks down 5-HT
is (mainly) inside of NA cells

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20
Q

SSRI & Serotonin hypothiss of depression

A

does not fully explain effects of depression because it take weeks to have an effect even though 5-HT ~immediately increases

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21
Q

Serotonin transporter gene

A

most studded
major interaction with childhood
s/s (short/short) increased risk for depression with maltreatment (vs l/l or long/long)

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22
Q

Goal of CBT

A

to change feedback loop

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23
Q

Large part of SSRI effectiveness

A

Placebo effect

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24
Q

If depression is less severe (SSRI)

A

are not effective
need to be severe depression (at onset)

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25
Q

ECT

A

Electroconvulsive shock therapy
causes a significant seizure
electrical current is passed through the brain
used in severe depression where there was no response to drug
Can be effective/lasing results for weeks or moths

26
Q

TMS

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation
is a form of ECT

27
Q

DBS

A

Deep brain stimulation
surgically implant electrode(s) into small brain areas
effectiveness is controversial because there is no control group

28
Q

Vagal never stimulation

A

Pace Maker stimulates it

29
Q

Ketamine

A

often an anesthetic
mechanism of action not fully understood
PCP- like drug that relives depression almost immediately

30
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone that controls eating behavior
being researched for depression treatment

31
Q

Tourette’s

A

Abnormalities in dopamine receptors (high number of D2 receptors, especially in the basal ganglia)
uncontrolled, unconscious mussel movements
motor ticks vocal ticks compulsive action
Age of onset much younger
Some neuroleptics (from schizophrenia) can treat
starts with eye, face, head motor ticks

32
Q

Anxiety disorders are linked to

A

Frontal and temporal lobe changes
often treated with benzos.

33
Q

Anxiolytic

A

anti - anxiety

34
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Treat anxiety by binding to GABA-A receptors
enhances GABA’s inhibitory effects

35
Q

Brain may contain some __ to interact with GABA receptor

A

of its own anti-anxiety substances

36
Q

GABA receptors are widely distributed in

A

the cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala

37
Q

Allopregnanolone

A

a neuro-steroid
natural anxiolytic produced by the brain
interacts with GABA-A receptor(s)

38
Q

OCD

A

routine acts become compulsions (behaviors)
recurrent thoughts become obsessions (thoughts)

39
Q

OCD responds to

A

SSRI’s
serotonin dysfunction in orbitofrontal or prefrontal cortex plays a major role

40
Q

OCD surgery

A

lesion made in cingulate cortex on both sides may help

41
Q

PTSD is anxiety related to

A

an inability to forget

42
Q

PTSD symptoms are related to

A

fear conditioning and amygdala
also abnormal stress hormone systems

43
Q

PTSD “Flow Chart”

A

Original trauma activates two systems 1) Brainstem 2) Amygdala
Brainstem - acute neurochemical responses - sensitizes person to related stimuli in the future
Amygdala - fear conditioning (potential failure in extinction response) - sensitivity to sensory and cognitive associations to original trauma

44
Q

Acute neurochemical responses in PTSD

A

Locus coeruleus (norepinephrine)
VTA (Dopamine)
Endogenous opioids
Corticotropin- releasing hormones

45
Q

Hippocampal size & PTSD

A

is a risk factor
small hippocampal size - if deployed/ has combat exposure - high susceptibility for PTSD

46
Q

Benzodiazepines & GABA

A

Different site on receptor
When benzo’s bind they change the conformation that causes more Cl- to enter the cell WHEN GABA binds to the receptor
enhance ability for GABA to hyperpolarize

47
Q

GABA

A

is agonist for own receptor

48
Q

Depression

A

Is clinically characterized by a commination of unhappy mood, loss of interests, reduced energy, changes in apatite, sleep patterns, and loss of pleasure in most things.

49
Q

Stress and Depression

A

Can occur without any readily apparent stress

50
Q

Suicided appears to be

A

an impulsive act
after stopped first time only 6% went on to commit
when more planning required - large decrease

51
Q

Descendants of people with severe depression

A

also have a thinner cortex across large swaths of the right hemisphere.

52
Q

Hippocampal volume in people with depression

A

reduced

53
Q

ECT may hemp by

A

inducing the release of monoamines

54
Q

SSRI’s increase the rate

A

of the birth of new neurons

55
Q

Meta - Analysis

A

analysis that combines the results of many previously published studies

56
Q

Men vs Women Major Depression

A

Women more likely (hormones may play a role - postpartum depression)

57
Q

Learned helplessness

A

in animal models, linked to a decrease in serotonin function

58
Q

Rapid cycling bipolar disorder

A

four or more distinct cycles in a year

59
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

also have enlarged ventricles, more manic episodes experienced, greater the ventricular enlargement.
More in common w schizophrenia than depression

60
Q

Lithium

A

treatment of BPD, also second gen antipsychotics may help people in the manic phase

61
Q

Buspirone

A

Buspar
agonist of 5-HT1A receptors

62
Q

Children with OCD produce

A

antibodies to brain proteins
perhaps along with a strep antibody response

Neuro Final (4 decks)

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