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Neuro Final > 11/30 > Flashcards

11/30 Flashcards

1
Q

Schizophrenia and creativity

A

Unusally high levels of creativity in both individual and family

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2
Q

% off US reports symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

1/3

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3
Q

Male vs Female Schizophrenia

A

no difference in prevalence
Difference in spike in onset (2d peak for women at 40s)

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4
Q

Paralytic dementia

A

sudden onset of delusions, caused by syphilis (1900 25% of patients suffered from)

Also, grandiosity, euphoria, poor judgment, impulsive behavior, disorderred thought and abnormal pupal contractions

Many psychological disorders have biological causes

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5
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs in spite of contrary evidence

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6
Q

Onset of Schizophrenia

A

spike at adolescence
F - second spike at 40s

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7
Q

Genetics and Schizophrenia

A

Large factor
less genetic overlap in dizygotic (~17%) that monozygotic (~50%) twins, less risk of developing Schizophrenia

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8
Q

Prevalence of Schizophrenia

A

1 in 100 people have
60x more than muscular dystrophy
6x more than insulin dependent diabetes
5x more than MS
2x more than Alzhimer’s

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9
Q

Dimensions of Schizophrenia

A

Positive symptoms
Negative symptoms
Cognitive symptoms

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10
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

Psychosis

  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Disorganized thoughts and speech
  • Bizarre behaviors
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11
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

Emotional Dysregulation

  • lack of emotional expression
  • reduced facial expression (flat affect)
  • Inability to experience pleasure in everyday activities (anhedonia)

Impaired Motivation

  • Reduced conversation (alogia)
  • Diminished ability to begin or sustain activates
  • Social withdraw
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12
Q

Cognitive Symptoms

A

Neurocognitive impairment

  • Memory problems
  • Poor attention span
  • Difficulty making plans
  • Reduced decision making capacity
  • Poor social cognition
  • Abnormal movement patterns
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13
Q

Auditory hallucinations

A

Many sounds
“Dementor Like”
All directed at individual/ speaking to

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14
Q

Early Development

A

Altered dopamine development

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15
Q

Childhood

A

Subtle behavioral changes can be detected (often in retrospect)

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16
Q

Prodrome

A

Adolescence
precedes diagnosis, abnormalities become clear

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17
Q

Disease Onset

A

when diagnosed
large increase in positive symptoms

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18
Q

Treatment

A

medication more effective with positive symptoms
can stabilize both positive and negative symptoms
(larger decrease in positive symptoms)

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19
Q

Diverse symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

different interpretations
many disorders with same symptoms
- need to break down individual symptoms to find underlying mechanism(s) via endophenotypes

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20
Q

Endophenotypes

A 
quantifiable (sub-type) phenotypes
also symptoms (not as broad)
connect genetic and environmental factors

Simple deffinaition - Biomarker

Can be overlap - want to segregate with disease

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21
Q

Hierarchy of Endophenotype pyramid

A

Aetiological factors (genetic)
Putative brain abnormalities
Candidate endophenotypes
Behaviors

General - Syndrome, Endophenotypes, Genome

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22
Q

Endophenotypes of Schizophrenia

A

1) Reduction in pre pulse inhabitation
2) Gaze tracking Jerk
Clear differences that can be detected before diagnosis

Can be overlap - want to segregate with disease - even with family members that dont have symptoms can detect - potental to determine the underlying mechanism for schizophrenia

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23
Q

Pre Pulse Inhabitation

A

reduction in startle
Pre pulse is a signal given before a stimulus

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24
Q

Gaze tracking

A

visual tracking
follow moving cursor - much “jerker” than normal

25
Q

Differences is Gating

A

both sensory and sensitometer
Normal - only perceive small subset of stimuli
Schizophrenia - Not efficient/ fragmented filtering to stimuli, “core symptoms” of cognitive fragmentation and functional disorganization

26
Q

DISC1

A

Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1

Protine normaly regulates traficking of molecules within neurons

in family - everyone with Schizophrenia has mutation (however not everyone with mutation has Schizophrenia)
prevalence of mutation has large overlap with other psychiatric disorders.

27
Q

Changes caused by DISC1

A
  • Neuronal migration
  • Signal pathway regulation
  • Dendritic spine regulation
  • Synaptic maintenance
28
Q

Schizophrenia is a ____ disorder

A

neurodevelopmental

29
Q

Particular nature of Schizophrenia

A

is still unclear

30
Q

Primary hypothesis of Schizophrenia

A
  1. Excessive excitatory pruning
  2. Reduction in interneuron inhibitory activity in prefrontal cortex
  3. Myelination is delayed
31
Q

Gray mater and Schizophrenia

A

Accelerated rate of loss of gray matter during adolescence
particularly 1) parietal frontal lobe 2) temporal lobe 3) Occipital lobe

32
Q

Environment & Genetic factors in Schizophrenia

A

Increase in environmental and inc. in genetic, higher likelihood to develop Schizophrenia

33
Q

Levels of Schizophrenia disability

A

no disorder
to “middle” - Schizotypy (more environment) - Schizophrenia Spectrum disorder (More genetic)
Schizophrenic

34
Q

Environmental factors in Schizophrenia

A
  • Place/time of birth
  • Infection
  • Prenatal (mother)
  • Obstetric (during birth)
  • Family History - Most important
35
Q

Neuroanatomical differences with Schizophrenia

A

Increase in ventricle size (especially lateral ventricle)
decrease in surrounding area - especially the hippocampus

36
Q

Hippocampus in Schizophrenia

A

forms one of the walls of the lateral ventricle
is decreased in size
cells are disorganized

37
Q

Hypofrontality hypothesis in Schizophrenia

A

Decrease in frontal lobe activity both at rest and during tasks

38
Q

Cocaine and Meth & Schizophrenia

A 
causes an increase in dopamine 
Can precipitate (trigger) symptoms of Schizophrenia
39
Q

Typical Neuroleptics

A

Support dopamine hypothesis
High affinity for D2 receptors
Are antagonists

40
Q

Dopamine hypothesis of Schizophrenia

A

Higher level of dopamine or dopamine receptors
Overstimulation of cells

41
Q

Atypical neuroleptics

A

have higher affinity for serotonin receptors
less likely to have motor effects

moderate affinity for D2 highest affinity for seritonin (5-HT2A)

42
Q

PCP and Schizophrenia

A

Phencyclidine (PCP)

causes similar symptoms (Pos and Neg) - prolonged use causes prolonged pscychotic states 
NMDA antagonist (blocks NMDA central calcium chanel)- blocks glutamate
43
Q

Glutamate hypothesis of Schizophrenia

A

decrease in glutamate and/or defect in glutamate receptor
Seen by PCP symptoms

44
Q

__% of US population so ill that they are unable to cary our major life activites

A

4%

45
Q

First rank symptoms of Schizophrenia

A
  1. audatory halusanations
  2. highly personalized delusions
  3. changes in affect (emotion)
46
Q

Concordance

A

sharing of a characteristic

47
Q

Fathered by ___ men, higher chance devoloping Schizophrenia

A

older, sperm have gon through more cell divisions, more oppurtunity to acumulate mutations

48
Q

City vs Rural in Schizophrenia

A

living in city makes it much more likely (growing up in)

unsure if this is due to exposure to other ddieases, crowds, tense socal interactions, etc.

49
Q

Individuals with larger lateral ventricles

A

bennifit less from antipsychotic medication

50
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

Thorazine

Reduce positive symptoms

51
Q

Amphetamine Psychosis

A

strickingly simillar to Schizophrenia, reversed with antipsychotic medication

52
Q

LSD & Schizophrenia

A

Does not produce a Schizophrenia-like state

Effects of LSD are primaraly visual (rather than audatory)

53
Q

Clinicaly effective does for first gen antipsychotics

A

can be reliabaly predicted from its affinity for D2 receptors

54
Q

Clozapine

A

second gen antipsychotic

moderate affinity for D2 highest affinity for seritonin (5-HT2A)

Can increase dopa in frontal cortex

55
Q

Supplamenting antipsychotics with ___ helps reduce symptoms

A

L-dopa (increasing dopaminergic activity)

56
Q

Recovery in Schizophrenia with and without medicaton

A

longer recovery without medication

57
Q

Psychotomimetic

A

A drug that induced a state resembeling Schizophrenia

58
Q

Ketamine

A

similar effects at PCP

NMDA antagonist

59
Q

Excitatory synapses

A

devolop first (around 5 years old)

Inhibatory start around 12

Neuro Final (4 decks)

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