3h- Presentation of data Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 kinds of data that discrete and continuous variation give rise to?

A
  • qualitative
  • quantitative
  • ranked
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2
Q

What are discrete variables?

A

Limited number of possible types of characteristics e.g. eye colour

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3
Q

What are continuous variables?

A

Range of values e.g. height

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4
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Data which can be measured objectively, usually with a numerical value, e.g. time, height. Easy to plot in graphical form and can be analysed statistically

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5
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Data which is subjective and descriptive, it cannot necessarily be measured and is difficult to analyse statistically e.g. colour change, patient symptoms

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6
Q

What is ranked data?

A

Refers to the data transformation in which numerical values are replaced by their rank when the data is sorted from lowest to highest e.g. observing animals and assigning dominance rank

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7
Q

What does the type of variable being measured have consequences for?

A

Any graphical design or statistical tests which may be used

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8
Q

What are the 3 main calculations that can be conducted on data?

A
  • mean
  • median
  • mode
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9
Q

What is the mean and how do you find it?

A

The mean is the average number. It is the sum of all the numbers divided by the number of measurements taken

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10
Q

What is the median?

A

The median is the middle value when the data is placed in sequence

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11
Q

What is the mode?

A

The mode is the most frequent value in the data set

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12
Q

What can box plots be used to show?

A

Variation within and between data sets

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13
Q

What 4 things should box plots include?

A
  • median
  • lower quartile
  • upper quartile
  • inter-quartile range
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14
Q

What do error bars show?

A

They indicate the variability of data around the mean

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15
Q

Why are error bars added to graphs?

A

They can show a direct measure of variation (using standard deviation) or probabilities (using confidence intervals)

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16
Q

What does a smaller error bar mean?

A

That the data is less variable

17
Q

What is a confidence interval?

A

The statistical estimate of the range of values within which a certain percentage of the total population would be found

18
Q

What does a 95% confidence interval show?

A

That the range of values would include 95% of the whole population being studied

19
Q

When graphing data, when does correlation exist?

A

If there is a relationship between two variables

20
Q

When does a positive correlation exist?

A

When an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other variable

21
Q

When does a negative variable exist?

A

When an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other variable

22
Q

What is the strength of correlation proportional to?

A

The spread of values from the line of best fit

23
Q

When can the correlation be described as strong?

A

When the values align closely to the line of best fit

24
Q

When can the correlation be described as weak?

A

When the values do not align closely to the line of best fit

25
Q

When, and only when, can causation be shown?

A

When all confounding variables are adequately controlled and thus is is difficult to demonstrate causation in observational studies

26
Q

When does causation exist?

A

If the changes in the values of the independent variable are known to cause changes to the value of the dependent variable