11.2 How Do Transport Systems Impact People In Cities

Question 1

What is mobility?

Answer 1

The ability of people and freight to move from place to place
It allows us to access basic goods and services
It facilitates social interactions that are necessary for our emotional well-being

Question 2

How transport systems impact people in cities?

Answer 2

Traffic congestion
Health and safety risks

Question 3

Features of silver zones

Answer 3

GRC + MRT/TMR

Gateway marked with bright yellow fluorescent signs & yellow painted strips to indicate start of silver zone
Reduction of lanes at some road sections to shorten the crossing distance and reduce the time taken to cross roads
Chicane to reduce speed of vehicles

Mountable centre that enable emergency vehicles to pass over them when necessary and safe to do so
Reduced speed limit of 40 km/h
Two-stage crossing that allows pedestrians to rest in the middle of a crossing

Question 4

3 considerations that determine the location of the Silver Zones

Answer 4

1. High proportion of senior residents
2. High accident rates involving senior pedestrians
3. Close proximity to amenities frequented by seniors

Question 5

Describe problems faced as cities expand (3)

Answer 5

-> more frequent traffic congestion
-> frustrates drivers and passengers
-> health and safety risks concerns increased (among those living in cities)

Question 6

Explain whether everyone can access transport the same way

Answer 6

Physical capabilities and health related conditions can limit mobility of diff groups of ppl
(ESP elderly and PWDs persons with disabilities)
Most elderly ppl need more time and support to move around
(Pwds are those (with long-term intellectual, physical or sensory impairments)
Often face barriers that hinder them from carrying out activities
Prevent them from having equal access to opportunities

Question 7

Describe how we can help everyone access the benefits of transport systems

Answer 7

Provision of age-friendly and barrier-free transport systems enable elderly and PWDs to move around and access opportunities independently -> improve mobility

Question 8

Describe what happens when fuel is burnt to power transport modes & explain its impact using an example… (statistics)

Answer 8

harmful air pollutants & particulate matter are released into the atmosphere
Vehicle emissions have caused nearly 5000 premature deaths in UK and over 53 000 premature deaths in US annually

Question 9

Example on smog

Answer 9

Severe type of air pollution by vehicle exhaust, power plants and factories is smog
Smog and outdoor pollution increase health risk
Cause respiratory problems I.e. breathing difficulty, asthma, eye irritation, lung infection & higher risk of lung cancer

Question 10

Describe how cities can reduce transport-related pollution

Answer 10

Encourage use of public transport, walking and cycling
Explore Low-emission vehicles

Question 11

Describe particulate matter (PM) (maybe they give diagram etc)

Answer 11

Inhalable particles containing microscopic solids/liquid droplets found in the air
Come in diff sizes and shapes
Can cause serious health problems when inhaled
Particles with diameter of 10 micrometer or less (PM10) (including fine particles with diameter of 2.5 micrometre) can penetrate deep into lung passageways and enter bloodstream
-> cause serious cardiovascular & respiratory damage

Question 12

Describe WHO recommendation on traffic noise

Answer 12

(Ppl becoming more reliant on transport modes) -> traffic noise increasing serious problem
WHO recommended reducing noise levels produced by roads to below 53 decibels
Road traffic noise above that is associated with adverse health effects
1 in 4 Europeans exposed to road traffic noise levels exceeding 55dB

Question 13

Describe the impact transport accidents have and statistic on road accidents

Answer 13

Road accidents account for 90% of all transport accidents on average
Implications on
-healthcare
-insurance
-damage to property and life

Question 14

Describe measures used to reduce transport accidents

Answer 14

Regulating use of mobile devices while driving
Setting up more speed cameras -> detect and deter speeding
Road safety education
(Aimed at promoting safety among all road users)

Question 15

Describe use of speed cameras

Answer 15

SG traffic police deploys range of enforcement cameras -> deter and detect speeding
Catch motorists who speed/run red lights
-> helped reduce number of related road accidents

Painted in orange (ensure motorists are aware of these cameras)
Prominent warning signs (alert motorists to where enforcement camera zones begin)

Question 16

Describe how increase in traffic volume results in safety risks (crime) and measure

Answer 16

Increase in traffic volume -> more ppl (crowding) -> some transport modes deemed less safe
(public transport may become crowded esp during peak periods
Large crowd = increased risk of crime (i.e. theft & outrage of modesty)

some cities designed gender-segregated transportation to ensure safety of female passengers

Question 17

Describe why terminals may be under threat of terrorist attacks and what needs to be done

Answer 17

Terminals may become targets of many terrorist attacks due to their visibility and significance (prominent and high-traffic areas in city)
Growth in passenger traffic -> more resources needed to be deployed to safeguard wellbeing of passengers at these terminals

Question 18

Describe the impact of traffic noise

Answer 18

Possible impacts (excessive noise)
-disturbed sleep
-reduction of work performance
-provoke annoyance
-cause mental stress
-result in hearing impairment
-trigger heart related illnesses
(Try to create an acronym?)