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M11 > 11.2 AIRFRAME STRUCTURES > Flashcards

11.2 AIRFRAME STRUCTURES Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications

A
  • primary structure
  • secondary structure
  • tertiary structure
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2
Q

Explain secondary structure

A
  • non-primary structural components
  • less prone to weakening
  • e.g. fuselage stringers
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3
Q

Explain primary structure

A
  • If structure fails, can lead to a very bad consequence
  • e.g. engine mounts
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4
Q

Explain tertiary structure

A
  • lightly stressed components
  • e.g. fairings, support brackets etc
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5
Q

What does it mean by fail-safe

A
  • back-up protection despite failure
  • once failure occurs it is no longer ‘fail safe’
  • will require frequent inspections
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6
Q

What does it mean by safe-life

A
  • Prevent catastrophic failure
  • structure is serviceable approx 1/3 of max calculated operating hours
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7
Q

What does it mean by damage tolerance

A
  • repeated static + dynamic load tests
  • ensures that even with damage it remains within the operational life
  • reliant on visual inspection to find damage
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8
Q

What is included in the zonal identification system

A
  • major zones
  • sub-major zones
  • zones
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9
Q

100

A

Lower half of fuselage

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10
Q

200

A

Upper half of fuselage

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11
Q

300

A

Empennage (aft fuselage and horizontal and vertical stabilisers)

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12
Q

400

A

Power plants and the struts

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13
Q

500

A

Left wing

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14
Q

600

A

Right wing

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15
Q

700

A

Landing gear and LG doors

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16
Q

800

A

Doors

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17
Q

For smaller aircraft the 2nd digit in the sub-major zones is between

A

1-6

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18
Q

For larger aircraft the 2nd digit in the sub-major zones is between

A

1-9

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19
Q

Usually the sub-major zones on the right hand side are even or odd

A

Even

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20
Q

Usually the sub-major zones on the left hand side are even or odd

A

Odd

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21
Q

What digit is the zone and how are they numbered

A
  • 3rd digit
  • FWD to AFT, INBOARD to OUTBOARD, BOTTOM to TOP
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22
Q

Explain body stations or fuselage stations

A
  • vertical plane at right angle to body centreline
  • distance measured from a point in front of nose
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23
Q

Explain buttock lines

A

Vertical planes parallel to body centre line (longitudinal)

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24
Q

Explain waterlines

A

-horizontal planes, right angle to body buttock lines (horizontal)

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25
Q

What is tension

A

Resists forces which pull it apart

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26
Q

What is compression

A
  • shorten/squeeze
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27
Q

What is torsion

A
  • stress causes twisting
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28
Q

What is shear

A

-resists one layer of material to slide over adjacent layer

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29
Q

What is the stress calculation

A
  • Force/cross-sectional area
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30
Q

What is bending

A

Combination of compression and tension

31
Q

Explain Hoop stress

A
  • pressure exerted circumferentially on skin
  • hoop stress = 2(axial axis)
    (twice value of longitudinal stress)
32
Q

Where are drain holes located

A
  • various positions of aircraft’s lower fuselage
33
Q

What are ‘bilge-like’ valves

A
  • Prevent loss of air during aircraft pressurisation

Valve open = depressurised
Valve closed = pressurised

34
Q

When interior cabin is depressurised is the spring loaded ‘bilge like’ valve open or closed

A

Open

35
Q

What must be ensured when flammable vapour or water is present

A

Ventilation

36
Q

What does easy access to locate system components result in

A
  • saves time and lowers maintenance cost
37
Q

What are installed securely but with ease of removal in mind

A

Cockpit indicators

38
Q

What does lightning strike caused by direct damage look like

A
  • burned surface/melted
39
Q

What does lightning strike caused by indirect damage look like

A
  • damage to the electrical system and equipment
40
Q

A lightning strike usually causes small damage approximately —mm in diameter

A

3mm

41
Q

What is the hole diameter of a high intensity lightning strike

A

6mm

42
Q

Most common area for lightning strikes?

A
  • nose
  • trailing edges
43
Q

What is bonding

A

Same electrical current potential (low resistance path)

44
Q

What is grounding

A

To maintain a constant electrical potential between aircraft and ground

45
Q

How do you prevent the build up of static charges

A

Bonding

46
Q

What does the frames do in the airframe construction

A
  • give cross-sectional shape (often circular)
  • give shape and provide strong attachment points
47
Q

What are bulkheads and what is its function

A
  • give shape to fuselage
  • pressure bulkheads used to contain pressure
  • fireproof bulkheads used to seal and isolate fires
48
Q

Main difference between bulkheads and grommet

A

Bulkheads- cannot put hand through
Grommet - can put hand through

49
Q

What are Longerons

A

Main longitudinal member of fuselage/nacelle

50
Q

Primary bending loads are taken by
- stringers
- longerons
- bulkhead

A

Longerons

51
Q

What are Longerons supplemented by

A

Stringers

52
Q

Explain stringers

A

-smaller and lighter than longerons
- carry loads along their length
- used for skin attachment

53
Q

What is the function of clips/cleats?

A

Help transfer the pressure loads from the skin

54
Q

What is the clips/cleats attached to

A

Skin to frame and stringer

55
Q

Explain doublers

A

-reinforced skin that requires extra strength
- often found around doors or windows

56
Q

What are some types of doublers known as

A

Crack stoppers

57
Q

What are struts

A

-load bearing components that primarily hand compression forces
- transmit loads from one part of fuselage to another

58
Q

What are struts made out of

A
  • lightweight materials such as aluminium or composite material
59
Q

Explain ties

A
  • handle tension forces
  • typically made from high strength materials like steel or titanium
60
Q

What construction are floorboards

A
  • honeycomb composite
61
Q

What usually carries tension loads during pressurisation

A

Floor beams

62
Q

What are the 2 types of fuselage construction

A
  • truss type
  • monocoque type
63
Q

Explain truss type

A

Carries both tension and compression loads

64
Q

Explain true monocoque construction

A
  • Frame assemblies and bulkheads give fuselage shape
  • skin carries primary stress
65
Q

Explain semi-monocoque construction

A
  • loads shared between skin and framework
  • ‘known as stressed skin structure’
66
Q

What is the wing box supported by

A

Heavy frames and a ‘keel beam’

67
Q

Aircraft’s empennage contains vertical and horizontal stabilisers (T or F)

A

T

68
Q

What is type 1 for special coatings

A

Water repellent coating

69
Q

What is type 2 for special coatings

A

Heavy duty corrosion preventive compound

70
Q

What are the 3 aircraft cleaning methods

A
  • wet washing
  • dry washing
  • polishing
71
Q

What type of wash removes oil, grease, dirt, carbon deposits etc

A

Wet washing

72
Q

What type of wash removes dirt and small accumulation of dirt

A

Dry wash

73
Q

Explain polishing

A
  • removes oxidisation and corrosion
  • restore colour and make brighter
74
Q

How are acrylic windows cleaned

A
  • windows must be washed with warm water and soap
  • polish with cloth

M11 (17 decks)

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