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Biology HL > 11.1 Antibody Production > Flashcards

11.1 Antibody Production Flashcards

1
Q

what is the process of clonal selection? (6)

A
  1. non-specific macrophage engulfs and internally breaks down pathogens
  2. a proportion of the macrophages/ dendric cells present antigenic fragments to pathogen-specific lymphocytes
    -> the body contain T and B lymphocyte recognise every specific antigen
  3. antigen fragments are presented to specific helper T lymphocyte and when activated releases cytokines
  4. cytokines stimulate specific B cells that produce antibodies to divide and form clones
  5. most clones are short lives
    plasma cells -> plasma cells produce large quantities of specfoc antibody
  6. small portion differentiate into long-lived memory cells for long term immunity
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2
Q

what do all nucleated cells of the body possess?

A

unique and distinct surface molecules (major histocompatibility complex molecules) -> function as identification tags

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3
Q

What is the substance that is recognised as foreign and capable of triggering an immune response called?

A

Antigen

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4
Q

What are antigens recognised by? (2)

A
  • By lymphocytes which bind to and detect characteristic shape of an exposed portion (epitope)
  • lymphocytes trigger anti g body production (adaptive immunity) which specifically bind to epitopes via complementary paratropes
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5
Q

what is antibody function? (4)

A
  1. NEUTRALISATION
    attachment stops toxins from affecting or entering cells, viruses invading cells and bacteria from efficiently functioning and attacking the cell
  2. OPSONIZATION
    attachment antibodies mark the pathogen making them easily identifiable by other immune cells (macrophages)
  3. AGGLUTINATION
    antibodies attach to each other causing clumping of pathogens (enhancing effect of neutralisation and opsonization)
  4. COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION
    antibodies ‘encourage’ other components to attach to the pathogen, breaking bacterial membrane and lysing the cell
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6
Q

What do red blood cells possess that limit the capacity for transfusions?

A

Possess basic antigenic markers (ABO)
- possess surface glycoproteins

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7
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Disease causing agent

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8
Q

What is a disease?

A

Any condition that disturbs the normal functioning of the body

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9
Q

What are disease tray can be transmitted to humans called?

A

Zoonotic diseases

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10
Q

What are examples of zoonotic diseases (3)?

A

Rabies, influenza, bubonic plague

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11
Q

What mechanisms can diseases be transmitted?(4)

A
  • direct contact -> transfer of pathogens via physician associations or the exchange of body fluids
  • contamination - o infection of pathogens growing in/on edible food sources
  • airborne - certain pathogens can be transferred in the air via coughing and sneezing
  • vectors - intermediary organisms that transfer pathogens without developing disease symptoms themselves
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12
Q

What are non-specific immune cells called?

A

Macrophage -> engulf pathogens non-selectively and break them down internally

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13
Q

What are the proportions of macrophages called?

A

dendritic cells -> present the antigenic fragments of the pathogen to specific antigen

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14
Q

what are memory cells produced to do?

A

prevent the delay between initial exposure and the production of large quantities of antibodies
(where the pathogen can reproduce rapidly during delayed period)

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15
Q

how does the immunology memory work (4)

A
  • when a B-lymphocyte is activated and divides to form plasma cells a small proportion will differentiate into memory cells
  • memory cells live long and survive in the body for many years (produce low levels of circulating antibodies)
  • a second infection with the same pathogens and memory cells will react more vigorously to produce antibodies faster
  • the pathogen cannot reproduce in sufficient amount to cause symptoms
  • the pathogen exposure no longer causes the diseases to occur are the individual is immune
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16
Q

what is an allergen?

A
  • environmental substance that triggers immune response despite not being intrinsically harmful
17
Q

what occurs when there is an exposure to an allergen? (3)

A
  • When a specific B cell first encounters the allergen, it differentiates into plasma cells and makes large quantities of antibody (IgE)
  • The IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, effectively ‘priming’ them towards the allergen
  • Upon re-exposure to the allergen, the IgE-primed mast cells release large amounts of histamine which causes inflammation
18
Q

what is reactions to allergies and how are they helpful to the body’s response?

A
  • inflammation
  • triggers vasodilation and increases capillary permeability - improves leukocyte mobility to infected regions
19
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

weakened/ attenuated form of the pathogen that contains antigens but is incapable of triggering the disease

20
Q

what is the body’s response gto a vaccine? (3)

A
  • the body response to an injected vaccine by initiating a primary immune response and memory cells are made
  • when exposed to the pathogen the memory cells trigger a more potent secondary immune response
  • and disease symptoms do not develop
21
Q

what is herd immunity?

A

when individuals who are not immune to a pathogen are protected from exposure by the large amounts of immune individuals within the community

22
Q

monoclonal antibodies derive from B cell clones, how does this occur?

A
  1. an animal is injected with an antigen and produces antigen-specific plasma cells
  2. the plasma cells are removed and fuses (hybridised) with tumor cells capable of endless division
  3. the hybridoma cell is capable of synthesising large quantities of monoclonal antibodies
23
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests? (4)

A
  1. free monoclonal specific to HCG are conjugated to an enzyme that changes colour of dye
  2. second set od monoclonal antibodies specific to HCG are immobilised to dye the substrate
  3. if the HCG is in the urine it will interact with both sets of monoclonal antibodies
  4. when both sets are bound, an enzyme it brought in proximity with the dye and changes colour
  5. the thrid set of monoclonal antibodies will bind any attached enzyme lined antibodies
24
Q

what is the process of antibody production? (5)

A
  1. antigen brings about immune response
    - antibodies are made by B-cells/lymphocytes/plasma cells
  2. macrophage role
    - pathogen and its antigen is engulfed by macrophage
    - then the macrophage is presented on the macrophage membrane
  3. the helper T-cell
    - helper T-cell binds to the antigen on the macrophage
    - helper T cell is activated and B-cell is activated
  4. the role of B-lymphocyte’- B-cell clone into plasma and memory cells
    - plasma cells produce specific antibodies to the antigen
  5. immunity
    - memory cells live for many years allowing for faster immune response

Biology HL (14 decks)

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