1.1 The structure and functions of the musculo-skeletal system Flashcards
What is the musculo-skeletal system made up of?
Muscles and bones
Name the 5 functions of the skeleton
- Protection of vital organs
- Muscle attachment
- Joints for movement
- Platelet, red and white blood cell production
- Storage of calcium and phosphorus
How does the skeleton protect vital organs in sport?
The hard bones of the skeleton protect vital organs from being damaged. For example if a ball hits a person’s chest the ribs protect the heart and lungs
Give two examples of bones that protect vital organs
Cranium protects the brain
Ribs protect the heart and lungs
Why is it important the skeleton allows muscle attachment?
Muscles need to attach to bones (via tendons) so that when they contract movement can occur
How does the skeleton’s function of ‘joints for movement’ aide a sports performer?
Where two bones meet a joint is formed.
When the muscle attached to the bones (via a tendon) contracts it pulls on the bones. Where the bones form the join, movement occurs.
Why is it important for a person to have a good store of calcium and phosphorus?
Both these minerals help to keep bones strong and healthy. Strong and healthy bones are needed for exercise.
Red blood cells are needed for…
Carrying oxygen around the body
White blood cells are needed for…
Helping the body fight infection
Platelets are needed for…
Clotting the blood. It is platelets that form a scab when you cut yourself
There are 4 different classification of bones. What are they?
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
What is the main characteristic of a long bone?
Longer than they are wide
What is the main characteristic of a short bone?
Roughly the same size in length, width and thickness
What is the main characteristic of a flat bone?
Thin and flat
What is the main characteristic of an irregular bone?
Oddly shaped
What is the main function of a long bone in sport?
Acts as a lever to create movement
What is the main function of a short bone in sport?
Weight bearing and shock absorbing
What is the main function of a flat bone?
Muscle attachment
Provide protection
What is the main function of an irregular bone?
Provide protection
Specific function - vertebrae allow head to nod and rotate
Name three long bones
Femur Phalanges Humerus Ulna Radius Tibia Fibula
Name two short bones
Carpals (wrist)
Tarsals (foot)
Name three flat bones
Cranium Patella Scapula Sternum Clavicle
Name the main group of irregular bones
Vertebrae
How many bones is the vertebral column consist of?
33
How many bones are in the cervical region of the vertebral column?
7
How many bones are in the thoracic region of the vertebral column?
12
How many bones are in the lumbar region of the vertebral column?
5
How many bones are in the sacrum?
5
How many bones make up the coccyx
4
What is the function of the cervical region of the vertebral column?
It is the neck and allows a range of different movements such as looking side to side and up and down
What is the function of the thoracic region of the vertebral column?
Raise the ribs when you breathe to allow lungs to fill with air
What is the function of the lumbar region of the vertebral column?
The gaps between the bones are relatively large which allows greater movement
What is the function sacrum region of the vertebral column?
Bones are fussed together and works with the pelivs
What is a joint?
Where two or more bones meet and therefore movement can occur
Name the four different types of joints
- Hinge
- Ball and socket
- Pivot
- Condyloid
Name the 1 pivot joint in the body
Neck - atlas and axis
Name the 3 hinge joints in the body
Elbow
Knee
Ankle
Name the 2 ball and socket joints in the body
Shoulder
Hip
Name the 1 condyloid joint in the body
Wrist
What movements are possible at a hinge joint?
Flexion
Extension
What movements are possible at a ball and socket joint?
Flexion Extension Rotation Adduction Abduction Circumduction
What movements are possible at a condyloid joint?
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
What movement is possible at a pivot joint?
Rotation
Flexion is…
A bending movement where the angle of the joint is decreased
Extension is…
A straightening movement where the angle of the joint is increased
Dorsi flexion is…
Movement at the ankle where the toes are moving towards the tibia
Plantar-flexion is…
Movement at the ankle where the toes are being moved downwards. Often seen as the pointing of toes
Adduction is…
Movement where the part of the body is being moved towards the body
Abduction is…
Movement where the part of the body is being moved away from the body
Rotation is…
Movement all around a single point
Bones are connected together by…
Ligaments
Muscles are connected to bones by…
Tendons
What is the main role of a ligament
To stabilise a joint
Ligaments and tendons can be injured. How does this usually happen?
They are not very stretchy so a sudden movement can cause them to tear.
Do tendon injuries usually happen suddenly or over a long period of time?
The injury will feel sudden but is often the result of tiny tears the tendon has picked up over time
Why does it take so long for ligament and tendon injuries to heal
There isn’t much blood flow through them
Name the three types of muscle
Involuntary
Voluntary
Cardiac
Where are involuntary muscles found?
In blood vessels
Where are voluntary muscles found?
Skeletal muscles such as the hamstring and bicep
Where is cardiac muscle found?
The muscle that forms the heart
What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?
Involuntary muscles contract without conscious control. We don’t realise we are doing it. Voluntary muscles contract when we decide we want them to.
What is meant by an antagonistic pair of muscles?
Two muscle that work together. When one contracts, the other relaxes.
Name the four antagonistic pairs of muscles you need to know?
Bicep and Tricep
Hamstring and Quadricep
Gastrocnemius and Tibialis Anterior
Hip Flexor and Gluteals
Which muscle works antagonistically with the bicep?
Tricep
Which muscle works antagonistically with the tricep?
Bicep
Which muscle works antagonistically with the hamstring?
Quadriceps
Which muscle works antagonistically with the quadriceps
Hamstring
Which muscle works antagonistically with the hip flexor
Gluteals
Which muscle works antagonistically with the gluteals
Hip flexor
Which muscle works antagonistically with the tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Which muscle works antagonistically with the gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior
What movement is caused when the bicep contracts?
Flexion at the elbow
What movement is caused when the triceps contracts?
Extension at the elbow
What movement is caused when the deltoid contracts?
Moves the shoulder. Abduction and rotation
What movement is caused when the Pectoralis major contracts?
Adducts the arm at the shoulder
What movement is caused when the Latissimus dorsi contracts?
Adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder
What movement is caused when the gluteals contract?
Extend the leg at the hip
What movement is caused when the hip flexors contract?
Flex the leg at the hip
What movement is caused when the quadriceps contract?
Extension at the knee
What movement is caused when the hamstrings contract?
Flexion at the knee
What movement is caused when the gastrocnemius contracts?
Plantar-flexion at the ankle
What movement is caused when the tibialis anterior contracts?
Dorsi-flexion at the ankle
What are the two muscle fibre types?
Fast twitch
Slow twitch
What is the other name for slow twitch muscle fibres?
Type 1
What is the other name for fast twitch much fibres?
Type 2
There are two types of fast twitch muscle fibres. What are they?
Type IIa
Type IIx
What sort of exercise are type 1/slow twitch muscle fibres suited to?
Low intensity exercise e.g. marathon running
What sort of exercise are type IIa muscle fibres suited to?
Anaerobic exercise. Can be improved through endurance training to increase how long they can be used for
What sort of exercise are type IIx muscle fibres suited to?
Very high intensity exercise. They create the greatest amount of force of all muscle fibre types. They fatigue very quickly.
Name 2 sports where having a large number of type I muscle fibres would be beneficial
Marathon running
Long distance cycling
Name 2 sports where having a large number of type IIa muscle fibre types would be beneficial
400m sprint
Short distance swimming
Name 2 sports where having a large number of type IIx muscle fibre types would be beenficial
Long Jump
Volleyball - jumping to play a shot
