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SHHS - GCSE PE Unit 1 > 1.1 The structure and functions of the musculo-skeletal system > Flashcards

1.1 The structure and functions of the musculo-skeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the musculo-skeletal system made up of?

A

Muscles and bones

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2
Q

Name the 5 functions of the skeleton

A
  1. Protection of vital organs
  2. Muscle attachment
  3. Joints for movement
  4. Platelet, red and white blood cell production
  5. Storage of calcium and phosphorus
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3
Q

How does the skeleton protect vital organs in sport?

A

The hard bones of the skeleton protect vital organs from being damaged. For example if a ball hits a person’s chest the ribs protect the heart and lungs

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4
Q

Give two examples of bones that protect vital organs

A

Cranium protects the brain

Ribs protect the heart and lungs

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5
Q

Why is it important the skeleton allows muscle attachment?

A

Muscles need to attach to bones (via tendons) so that when they contract movement can occur

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6
Q

How does the skeleton’s function of ‘joints for movement’ aide a sports performer?

A

Where two bones meet a joint is formed.
When the muscle attached to the bones (via a tendon) contracts it pulls on the bones. Where the bones form the join, movement occurs.

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7
Q

Why is it important for a person to have a good store of calcium and phosphorus?

A

Both these minerals help to keep bones strong and healthy. Strong and healthy bones are needed for exercise.

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8
Q

Red blood cells are needed for…

A

Carrying oxygen around the body

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9
Q

White blood cells are needed for…

A

Helping the body fight infection

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10
Q

Platelets are needed for…

A

Clotting the blood. It is platelets that form a scab when you cut yourself

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11
Q

There are 4 different classification of bones. What are they?

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
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12
Q

What is the main characteristic of a long bone?

A

Longer than they are wide

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13
Q

What is the main characteristic of a short bone?

A

Roughly the same size in length, width and thickness

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14
Q

What is the main characteristic of a flat bone?

A

Thin and flat

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15
Q

What is the main characteristic of an irregular bone?

A

Oddly shaped

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16
Q

What is the main function of a long bone in sport?

A

Acts as a lever to create movement

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17
Q

What is the main function of a short bone in sport?

A

Weight bearing and shock absorbing

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18
Q

What is the main function of a flat bone?

A

Muscle attachment

Provide protection

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19
Q

What is the main function of an irregular bone?

A

Provide protection

Specific function - vertebrae allow head to nod and rotate

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20
Q

Name three long bones

A 
Femur
Phalanges
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Tibia
Fibula
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21
Q

Name two short bones

A

Carpals (wrist)

Tarsals (foot)

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22
Q

Name three flat bones

A 
Cranium
Patella
Scapula
Sternum
Clavicle
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23
Q

Name the main group of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae

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24
Q

How many bones is the vertebral column consist of?

A

33

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25
Q

How many bones are in the cervical region of the vertebral column?

A

7

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26
Q

How many bones are in the thoracic region of the vertebral column?

A

12

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27
Q

How many bones are in the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

A

5

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28
Q

How many bones are in the sacrum?

A

5

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29
Q

How many bones make up the coccyx

A

4

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30
Q

What is the function of the cervical region of the vertebral column?

A

It is the neck and allows a range of different movements such as looking side to side and up and down

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31
Q

What is the function of the thoracic region of the vertebral column?

A

Raise the ribs when you breathe to allow lungs to fill with air

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32
Q

What is the function of the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

A

The gaps between the bones are relatively large which allows greater movement

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33
Q

What is the function sacrum region of the vertebral column?

A

Bones are fussed together and works with the pelivs

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34
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where two or more bones meet and therefore movement can occur

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35
Q

Name the four different types of joints

A
  1. Hinge
  2. Ball and socket
  3. Pivot
  4. Condyloid
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36
Q

Name the 1 pivot joint in the body

A

Neck - atlas and axis

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37
Q

Name the 3 hinge joints in the body

A

Elbow
Knee
Ankle

38
Q

Name the 2 ball and socket joints in the body

A

Shoulder

Hip

39
Q

Name the 1 condyloid joint in the body

A

Wrist

40
Q

What movements are possible at a hinge joint?

A

Flexion

Extension

41
Q

What movements are possible at a ball and socket joint?

A 
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Adduction
Abduction 
Circumduction
42
Q

What movements are possible at a condyloid joint?

A

Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction

43
Q

What movement is possible at a pivot joint?

A

Rotation

44
Q

Flexion is…

A

A bending movement where the angle of the joint is decreased

45
Q

Extension is…

A

A straightening movement where the angle of the joint is increased

46
Q

Dorsi flexion is…

A

Movement at the ankle where the toes are moving towards the tibia

47
Q

Plantar-flexion is…

A

Movement at the ankle where the toes are being moved downwards. Often seen as the pointing of toes

48
Q

Adduction is…

A

Movement where the part of the body is being moved towards the body

49
Q

Abduction is…

A

Movement where the part of the body is being moved away from the body

50
Q

Rotation is…

A

Movement all around a single point

51
Q

Bones are connected together by…

A

Ligaments

52
Q

Muscles are connected to bones by…

A

Tendons

53
Q

What is the main role of a ligament

A

To stabilise a joint

54
Q

Ligaments and tendons can be injured. How does this usually happen?

A

They are not very stretchy so a sudden movement can cause them to tear.

55
Q

Do tendon injuries usually happen suddenly or over a long period of time?

A

The injury will feel sudden but is often the result of tiny tears the tendon has picked up over time

56
Q

Why does it take so long for ligament and tendon injuries to heal

A

There isn’t much blood flow through them

57
Q

Name the three types of muscle

A

Involuntary
Voluntary
Cardiac

58
Q

Where are involuntary muscles found?

A

In blood vessels

59
Q

Where are voluntary muscles found?

A

Skeletal muscles such as the hamstring and bicep

60
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

The muscle that forms the heart

61
Q

What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?

A

Involuntary muscles contract without conscious control. We don’t realise we are doing it. Voluntary muscles contract when we decide we want them to.

62
Q

What is meant by an antagonistic pair of muscles?

A

Two muscle that work together. When one contracts, the other relaxes.

63
Q

Name the four antagonistic pairs of muscles you need to know?

A

Bicep and Tricep
Hamstring and Quadricep
Gastrocnemius and Tibialis Anterior
Hip Flexor and Gluteals

64
Q

Which muscle works antagonistically with the bicep?

A

Tricep

65
Q

Which muscle works antagonistically with the tricep?

A

Bicep

66
Q

Which muscle works antagonistically with the hamstring?

A

Quadriceps

67
Q

Which muscle works antagonistically with the quadriceps

A

Hamstring

68
Q

Which muscle works antagonistically with the hip flexor

A

Gluteals

69
Q

Which muscle works antagonistically with the gluteals

A

Hip flexor

70
Q

Which muscle works antagonistically with the tibialis anterior

A

Gastrocnemius

71
Q

Which muscle works antagonistically with the gastrocnemius

A

Tibialis anterior

72
Q

What movement is caused when the bicep contracts?

A

Flexion at the elbow

73
Q

What movement is caused when the triceps contracts?

A

Extension at the elbow

74
Q

What movement is caused when the deltoid contracts?

A

Moves the shoulder. Abduction and rotation

75
Q

What movement is caused when the Pectoralis major contracts?

A

Adducts the arm at the shoulder

76
Q

What movement is caused when the Latissimus dorsi contracts?

A

Adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder

77
Q

What movement is caused when the gluteals contract?

A

Extend the leg at the hip

78
Q

What movement is caused when the hip flexors contract?

A

Flex the leg at the hip

79
Q

What movement is caused when the quadriceps contract?

A

Extension at the knee

80
Q

What movement is caused when the hamstrings contract?

A

Flexion at the knee

81
Q

What movement is caused when the gastrocnemius contracts?

A

Plantar-flexion at the ankle

82
Q

What movement is caused when the tibialis anterior contracts?

A

Dorsi-flexion at the ankle

83
Q

What are the two muscle fibre types?

A

Fast twitch

Slow twitch

84
Q

What is the other name for slow twitch muscle fibres?

A

Type 1

85
Q

What is the other name for fast twitch much fibres?

A

Type 2

86
Q

There are two types of fast twitch muscle fibres. What are they?

A

Type IIa

Type IIx

87
Q

What sort of exercise are type 1/slow twitch muscle fibres suited to?

A

Low intensity exercise e.g. marathon running

88
Q

What sort of exercise are type IIa muscle fibres suited to?

A

Anaerobic exercise. Can be improved through endurance training to increase how long they can be used for

89
Q

What sort of exercise are type IIx muscle fibres suited to?

A

Very high intensity exercise. They create the greatest amount of force of all muscle fibre types. They fatigue very quickly.

90
Q

Name 2 sports where having a large number of type I muscle fibres would be beneficial

A

Marathon running

Long distance cycling

91
Q

Name 2 sports where having a large number of type IIa muscle fibre types would be beneficial

A

400m sprint

Short distance swimming

92
Q

Name 2 sports where having a large number of type IIx muscle fibre types would be beenficial

A

Long Jump

Volleyball - jumping to play a shot

SHHS - GCSE PE Unit 1 (11 decks)

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