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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology > 11. The cardiovascular system > Flashcards

11. The cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum

A

location of heart in a medial section of thoracic cavity, between the lungs

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2
Q

Pericardium

A

-sac enclosing the heart -made of 3 layers: 1 outer fibrous layer and 2 inner serous pericardium membranes

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3
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

loosely fitting outer part of the heart sac, a fibrous layer -protects heart and anchors it to surrounding structures (diaphragm and sternum)

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4
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

lines interior of fibrous pericardium, at top of heart it’s attached to large arteries leaving the heart and then continues down inferiorly over the heart surface

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5
Q

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

A

part of the heart wall, lubricating serous fluid is produced by the serous membranes and collects in-between them in the pericardial cavity

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6
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

cavity between the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium surrounding the heart, filled with lubricant produced by these membranes. The fluid allows heart to beat easily without friction

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7
Q

Pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium. Results in decrease in amount of serous fluid causing pericardial membranes to rub, bind, and stick forming painful adhesions that interfere with heart movement

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8
Q

The heart wall layers:

A
  • the outer epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
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9
Q

Myocardium

A

middle layer of heart wall, consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted into ringlike arrangements. Layer that contracts. Myocardial cells are linked by intercalated disks which contain desmosomes and gap junctions. Is reinforced internally by network of dense fibrous connective tissue.

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10
Q

Gap junctions

A

specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells.

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11
Q

Endocardium

A

thin sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers

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12
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

circulation of blood from veins into the heart to be pumped into lungs and bind with oxygen and return to heart

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13
Q

Systemic circulation

A

circulation when heart received oxygen rich blood from lungs and pumps it out to the body where the oxygen is used and CO2 is expelled and then returned to heart as oxygen-poor blood

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14
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

between atria and ventricles. prevent backflow of blood when ventricles contract.

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15
Q

The left AV valve

A

the bicuspid valve = mitral valve. - 2 flaps or cusps of endocardium

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16
Q

The right AV valve

A

Tricuspid valve - 3 cusps of endocardium

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17
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

tiny white chords, anchor cusps to walls of ventricles. As the ventricle contracts, the pressure inside forces AV cusps upward, closing the valves, while the chords ensure the cusps do not flip into atria

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18
Q

Semilunar valves

A

guard bases of two large arteries leaving ventricular chambers: Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic Semilunar valve Each has 3 cusps - they are forced open when the ventricles are contracting, and close the ventricles relax and the blood start to flow backwards

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19
Q

Incompetent valve

A

valve deformation, forces heart to pump and repump same blood because it does not close properly

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20
Q

Valvular stenosis

A

valve cusps become stiff due to repeated bacterial infection of endocardium, heart must contract much more vigorously to create enough pressure to drive blood through narrowed valve. Ultimately heart weakens, and could fail. Treatment: valve would be replaced with synthetic valve or chemically treated valve from a pig heart

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21
Q

Myocardium blood supply

A

is supplied by arteries when the heart is at rest

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22
Q

Angina pectoris

A

When heart is beating fast and rest times are slow, the blood supply to myocardium is low. It is a warning, and if ignored, the heart cells could die due to lack of fresh oxygen

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23
Q

Infarct

A

area of dead cells in heart

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24
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

area of heart cells die due to low oxygen supply during short heart rest times =heart attack or coronary

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25
Q

Intrinsic conduction system Nodal system

A

system which acts to regulate the heart activity. Composed of tissue mix of muscle and nerves. System causes heart muscle depolarisation form atria to ventricles

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26
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

=pacemaker tiny cell mass that starts each beat

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27
Q

Heart block

A

when AV atrioventricular node is damaged, the ventricles start beating at their own pace (slower) Treatment: artificial pacemakers

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28
Q

Ischemia

A

lack of adequate supply of blood to heart muscle, may lead to fibrillation

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29
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid uncoordinated quivering of the ventricles. Heart is unable to pump any blood and can be major cause of death Treatment: automatic defibrillators

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30
Q

Tachycardia

A

rapid heart rate (over 100bpm) Prolonged, could lead to fibrillation

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31
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow heart rate (less than 60bpm)

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32
Q

Systole

A

contraction of ventricles

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33
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation of ventricles (contraction of atrium)

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34
Q

Cardiac cycle (5)

A

cycle of one heartbeat 0.8 second 1. atrial diastole (ventricular filling) 2. Atrial systole 3. Isovolumetric contraction 4. Ventricular systole (ejection phase) 5. Isovolumetric relaxation

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35
Q

Atrial diastole (ventricular filling)

A

heart fills with blood from atria to ventricles

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36
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

Atrial systole ends and ventricular systole begins. The pressure closes AV valves. The ventricles are closed

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37
Q

Ventricular systole (ejection phase)

A

pressure in ventricles causes the semilunar valves to open and blood to be ejected into arteries. Atria are starting to fill with blood

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38
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation

A

Semilunar valves close to prevent backflow form arteries. ventricles are closed

39
Q

Heart murmurs

A

When blood flows through heart is shouldn’t be heard. If flow becomes turbulent it generates sound and can be heard

40
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

recording of heart electric impulses

41
Q

P wave

A

when SA node is fired

42
Q

QRS complex

A

depolarisation of ventricles (before ventricles contract)

43
Q

T wave

A

during flow from ventricles, polarisation

44
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute Heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)

45
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle each heartbeat

46
Q

Neural (ANS) controls

A

during physical or emotional stress, nerves stimulate SA and AV nodes more, heart beats more rapidly

47
Q

Hormones and ions controls on heart beat

A

Epinephrine and thyroxine, Ca+, Na+, K+

48
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

when pumping efficiency is reduced so circulation is inadequate. A progressive condition that’s caused by Coronary atherosclerosis, hypertensive heart disease, or multiple myocardial infarctions Treatment: drug Digitalis

49
Q

Coronary atherosclerosis

A

clogging of coronary vessels with fatty build-up

50
Q

Pulmonary congestion

A

if left side of heart fails, the right side continues to pump blood to lungs but left is not pumping this blood towards the body. The backed up blood in lungs makes them swollen and fluid leaks into lungs causing pulmonary oedema

51
Q

Peripheral congestion

A

If right side of heart fails, blood backs up in the body system. Feet, ankles, fingers become swollen and puffy

52
Q

Vascular system (5)

A

Arteries Arterioles Capillary beds drained by Venules Veins

53
Q

Tunics

A

3 layers of blood vessels (except capillaries)

54
Q

Tunica intima

A

lines the interior of vessels, thin layer of endothelium, forms a slick surface to decrease friction

55
Q

Tunica media

A

bulky middle layer of vessel, made of smooth muscle of elastic fibres

56
Q

Tunica externa

A

outermost layer of vessel, composed of fibrous connective tissue

57
Q

Differences in arteries and veins

A

Arteries are much thicker due to need for expanding and contracting. Larger veins have valves that prevent backflow of blood (due to such low blood pressure)

58
Q

Vascular shunt

A

vessel that directly connects arteriole and venule

59
Q

Precapillary sphincter

A

cuff of smooth muscle fibres surrounding root of each true capillary and acts as a value to regulate blood floe through that tissue

60
Q

Varicose veins

A

in people who stand a lot, obese, pregnant. the venous return fails, overflowed valves give way and veins become twisted

61
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of vein result when clot forms in vessel with poor circulation. Consequence: clot detachment and pulmonary embolism

62
Q

Epinephrine

A

drug - increases heart rate and blood pressure

63
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

In elderly, temporary low blood pressure and dizziness when person rises too sudden;y

64
Q

Circulatory shock

A

condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally, pre-leading to it: acute hypotension. Common cause: blood loss

65
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries.

66
Q

balloon angioplasty

A

catheter with a balloon inserted to clear out blockage in vessels, by compressing fatty mass against the vessel wall by inflating the balloon

67
Q

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

A

clot-dissolving agent

68
Q

Direct diffusion through membrane

A

substances diffuse directly through their plasma membranes if the substances are lipid-soluble (O2 and CO2)

69
Q

Diffusion through intercellular clefts

A

clefts - gaps between the cells in capillary wall

70
Q

Diffusion through pores

A

free passage of small solutes and liquids by fenestrated capillaries. The pores are covered by delicate membrane

71
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

found where absorption is priority (intestines) or where filtration occurs (kidneys)

72
Q

Transport via vesicles

A

some lipid-insoluble substances can enter or leave the blood stream or pass through plasma membranes

73
Q
A
  1. Superior vena cava
  2. Pulmonary tunk
  3. Diaphragm
74
Q
A
  1. Aorta
  2. Parietal pleura (cut)
  3. Left lung
  4. Pericardium (cut)
  5. Apex of heart
75
Q
A
  1. Fibrous pericardium
  2. Parietal layer of serous pericardium
  3. Pericardial cavity
  4. Visceral layer of serous pericardium
  5. Epicardium
  6. Myocardium
  7. Endocardium
  8. Heart chamber
  9. Heart wall
  10. Pericardium
76
Q
A
  1. Superior Vena cave
  2. Right pulmonary artery
  3. Right atrium
  4. Right pulmonary veins
  5. Fossa ovalis
  6. Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
  7. Right ventricle
  8. Chordae tendineae
  9. Inferior vena cava
77
Q
A

10 Aorta

11 Left pulmonary artery

12 Left atrium

13 Left pulmonary veins

14 Pulmonary semilunar valve

15 Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid valve)

16 Aortic semilunar valve

17 Left ventricle

18 Interventricular septum

19 Myocardium

20 Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

78
Q
A

1 Brachiocephalic trunk

2 Superior vena cava

3 Right pulmonary artery

4 Ascending aorta

5 Pulmonary trunk

6 Right pulmonary veins

7 Right atrium

8 Right coronary artery in coronary sulcus

9 Anterior cardiac vein

10 Right ventricle

11 Marginal artery

12 Small cardiac vein

13 Inferior vena cava

79
Q
A

14 Left common carotid artery

15 Left subclavian artery

16 Aortic arch

17 Ligamentum arteriosum

18 Left pulmonary artery

19 Left pulmonary veins

20 Left atrium

21 Circumflex artery

22 Left coronary artery in coronary sulcus

23 Left ventricle

24 Great cardiac vein

25 Anterior interventricular artery

26 Apex

80
Q
A

1 Superior vena cava

2 Sinoatrial node

3 Atrioventricular node

4 Right atrium

5 Bundle branches

6 Purkinje fibres

81
Q
A

7 Left atrium

8 Atrioventricular bundle

9 Purkinje fibres

10 Interventricular septum

82
Q
A

1 Frontal lobe

2 Optic chiasma

3 Middle cerebral Artery

4 Internal carotid artery

5 Mammillary body

6 Temporal lobe

7 Pons

8 Occipital lobe

83
Q
A

9 Anterior communicating artery

10 Anterior cerebral artery

11 Posterior communicating artery

12 Posterior cerebral artery

13 Basilar artery

14 Vertebral artery

15 Cerebellum

84
Q
A

1 Liver

2 Hepatic portal vein

3 Pancreas

4 Small intestine

85
Q
A

5 Inferior vena cava

6 Gastric veins

7 Spleen

8 Stomach

9 Splenic vein

10 Inferior mesentric vein

11 Superior mesenteric vein

12 Large intestine

86
Q
A

1 Superficial temporal artery

2 Facial artery

3 Common carotid artery

4 Brachial artery

5 Radial artery

6 Femoral artery

7 Popliteal artery

8 Posterior tibial artery

9 Dorsalis pedis artery

10

87
Q
A

1 Superior vena cava

2 Pulmonary trunk

3 Foramen ovale

4 Inferior vena cava

5 Hepatic Vein

6 Ductus venosus

7 Hepatic portal vein

21 Ductus arteriosus

20 Pulmonary artery

19 Pulmonary veins

18 Inferior vena cava

88
Q
A

7 Hepatic portal vein

8 Umbilical vein

9 Fetal umbilicus

10 Umbilical cord

11 Umbilical arteries

12 Placenta

13 Urinary bladder

14 Internal lilac artery

15 External lilac artery

16 Common lilac artery

17 Aorta

18 Inferior vena cava

89
Q
A

1 Internal carotic artery

2 External carotid artery

3 Common carotid artery

4 Vertebral artery

5 Subclavian artery

6 Brachiocephalic trunk

7 Aortic arch

8 Ascending aorta

9 Coronary artery

18 Subclavian artery

19 Axillary artery

90
Q
A

10 Thoracic aorta

11 Celiac trunk

12 Abdominal aorta

13 Superior mesenteric artery

14 Renal artery

15 Gonadal artery

20 Brachial artery

21 Radial artery

22 Ulnar artery

23 Deep palmar arch

24 Superficial palmar arch

25 Digital arteries

91
Q
A

16 Inferior mesenteric artery

17 Internal iliac artery

26 Common iliac artery

27 External iliac artery

28 Femoral iliac artery

29 Popliteal artery

30 Anterior tibial artery

31 Posterior tibial artery

32 Dorsalis pedis artery

33 Arcuate artery

92
Q
A

1 Dural venous vein

2 External jugular vein

3 Vertebral vein

4 Internal jugular vein

5 Right and left brachiocephalic veins

6 Superior vena cava

7 Great cardiac vein

17 Subclavial vein

18 Axillary vein

19 Cephalic vein

20 Brachial vein

21 Basilic vein

93
Q
A

8 Hepatic veins

9 Splenic vein

10 Hepatic portal vein

11 Renal vein

12 Superior mesenteric vein

13 Inferior mesenteric vein

22Median cubital vein

23 Ulnar vein

24 Radial vein

25 Digital veins

94
Q
A

14 Inferior vena cava

15 Common lilac vein

16 Internal lilac vein

26 External lilac vein

27 Femoral vein

28 Great saphenous vein

29 Popliteal vein

30 Posterior tibial vein

31 Anterior tibial vein

32 Small saphenous vein

33 Dorsal venous arch

34 Dorsal metatarsal veins

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (19 decks)

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