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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology > 10. Blood > Flashcards

10. Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma

A

non-living fluid matrix,
makes up 55% of blood
90% water
lots of things dissolved in it: nutrients, salts, gases, hormones, plasma proteins, waste products

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2
Q

formed elements

A

living blood cells

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3
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, transport oxygen
45% of volume of blood sample
-they don’t have a nucleus and many organelles
- are bags of haemoglobin molecules

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4
Q

Buffy coat

A

in blood sample, layer between plasma and erythrocytes

  • contains: leukocytes (white blood cells), platelets
  • account for 1% of blood
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5
Q

Platelets

A

cell fragments that help stop bleeding

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6
Q

Hematocrit

A

blood fraction, percentage of erythrocytes in blood (45%)

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7
Q

Blood colour

A
  • scarlet - oxygen rich

- dull red to purple - oxygen poor

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8
Q

blood pH

A

slightly alkaline 7.35 - 7.45

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9
Q

Blood temperature

A

38deg. slightly higher due to friction against blood vessel walls

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10
Q

Blood amount in humans

A

8% of body weight or

5-6 litres

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11
Q

Plasma proteins

A

found in plasma, produced by liver, serve a variety of functions

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12
Q

Albumin

A

plasma protein, carrier certain molecules, is a blood buffer, contributes to osmotic blood pressure

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13
Q

Fibrogens

A

clotting proteins found in plasma, help patch up injured blood vessels
e.g. Fibrinogen

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14
Q

Globulins

A

type of proteins in blood plasma, Defence antibodies and can transport lipids

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15
Q

Haemoglobin

A

(Hb) iron-bonding protein, transports oxygen in the blood, also binds with a small amount of CO2
If blood pH falls too acidic, haemoglobin will be unable to bind oxygen
12-18g per 100ml of blood

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16
Q

Anaemia

A

decrease in oxygen-carrying ability

- due to low number of erythrocytes or abnormal haemoglobin content in erythrocytes

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17
Q

Sickle cell anaemia

A

(SCA) body does not form normal haemoglobin, instead it forms a sharp and spiky shape when oxygen is unloaded or oxygen content in blood decreases below normal

  • rupture easily, block small blood vessels
  • helps survive malaria
  • evident in dark-skinned populations descendant from malaria belt of Africa
  • requires 2 copies of defective gene
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18
Q

Sickle cell trait

A

(SCT) when person only has 1 gene causing sickle cell anaemia
-don’t have symptoms but can pass the gene on

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19
Q

Polycythaemia

A

excessive increase in number of erythrocytes
-may result from bone marrow cancer (polycythaemia vera) or from living in high-altitude area where there is less oxygen (secondary polycythaemia)

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20
Q

Polycythaemia vera

A

excessive increase in number of erythrocytes

result from bone marrow cancer

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21
Q

Secondary polycythaemia

A

excessive increase in number of erythrocytes from living in high-altitude area where there is less oxygen

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22
Q

Haemorrhagic anaemia

A

decrease in red blood cells due to bleeding out suddenly

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23
Q

Haemolytic anaemia

A

decrease in red blood cells due to their lysis by bacterial infections

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24
Q

Pernicious anaemia

A

decrease in red blood cells due to lack of vit B12

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25
Q

Aplastic anaemia

A

decrease in red blood cells due to destruction of bone marrow by cancer/radiation/medication

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26
Q

Iron-deficiency anaemia

A

Inadequate haemoglobin content in RBCs due to low amount of iron which is needed in built of haemoglobins

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27
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells. Defend body against microorganisms and tumour cells. They can move in and out of the bloodstream by diapedesis.

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28
Q

Diapedesis

A

cells or material that can slip in and out of the blood vessels

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29
Q

Positive chemotaxis

A

WBCs locate area of tissue damage by responding to chemicals diffusing from damaged cells, then they move through the tissue spaces by amoeboid motion. They follow diffusion gradient they find tissue damage and start destroying microorganisms and dispose of dead cells

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30
Q

Amoeboid motion

A

WBCs use this. cells form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that help them move along

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31
Q

Leukocytosis

A

double the normal amount of WBCs. Generally indicates bacterial/viral infection. As leukocytes start defending the body, the body start producing more of them

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32
Q

Leukopenia

A

abnormally low WBCs caused by some drugs (corticosteroids and anticancer agents)

33
Q

Leukaemia

A

excessive production of abnormal WBCs done in infectious mononucleosis. Bone marrow becomes cancerous and huge number of WBCs are expelled rapidly which are immature and incapable of doing their job. Body becomes easy prey with no protection. Because they fill the blood, this leaves little space for rest of blood cells (RBCs) causing anaemia and bleeding problems

34
Q

Types of WBCs

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
depending if they have visible granules in their cytoplasm

35
Q

Granulocytes

A

WBCs with granules in their cytoplasm which stain with Wright’s stain
3 types:
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

36
Q

Neutrophils

A

most common WBCs, phagocytes at acute infection. Particularly partial to bacteria and fungi which they kill with a respiratory burst

37
Q

Respiratory burst

A

WBCs flood the phagocytised invader with a brew of oxidising substances (bleach, hydrogen peroxide, +)

38
Q

Phagocyte

A

a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

39
Q

Eosinophils

A

WBCs which increase in numbers during infections by parasitic worms (tapeworms) via digestion or broken skin. Attack by releasing enzymes form their cytoplasmic granules onto parasite, digesting it

40
Q

Basophils

A

rare WBCs, with large granules containing histamine

41
Q

Histamine

A

inflammatory chemical that causes blood vessels to be leaky and attract other WBCs to the infection site

42
Q

Agranulocytes

A

WBCs which lack visible cytoplasmic granules

types: lymphocytes, monocytes

43
Q

Lymphocytes

A

take up residence in lymphatic tissues (tonsils) and play a role in immune response. Second most common WBC.

44
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest of WBCs, when they migrate into tissues they change into macrophages which start eating aiding fighting chronic infections and in activating lyphocytes

45
Q

Macrophages

A

type of white blood cell, of the immune system, that engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the type of proteins specific to healthy body

46
Q

List WBCs in order of relative abundance in blood

A 
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
47
Q

Platelets

A

fragments of cells with multiple nuclei called megakaryocytes. They pinch off anucleate platelet pieces
Used for blood clotting

48
Q

Haematopoiesis

A

blood cell formation in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue). They are released into blood flow. All arise from stem cell hemocytoblast

49
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

stem cell in red bone marrow. Produces 2 descendants: lymphoid stem cell and myeloid stem cell

50
Q

lymphoid stem cell

A

produces lymphocytes

51
Q

myeloid stem cell

A

produces other cell formations for blood except for lymphocytes

52
Q

Formation of red blood cells

A

Hemocytoblasts start dividing and synthesising lots of haemoglobin. When enough is made, nucleolus and other organelles are ejected and cells collapse inwards creating the doughnut Erythrocyte cell. during first few days of cell’s life it still has some endoplasmic reticulum and is called Reticulocyte.

53
Q

Reticulocyte

A

when erythrocyte cell is created it still has some endoplasmic reticulum for few days before it becomes fully ejected

54
Q

Erythropoietin

A

hormone controlling rate of erythrocyte production. small amounts circulate in the blood. Produced by Kidneys and some by liver. Production increases when the amount of oxygen drops in the blood

55
Q

Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and Interleukins

A

hormones activating production of white blood cells by prompting red bone marrow to produce more and enhancing abilities of old leukocytes

56
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

hormone accelerates production of platelets from megakaryocytes

57
Q

Haemostasis

A 
stopping the bleeding
Phases:
-Vascular spasms
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation
- Blood clotting
58
Q

Haemostasis: vascular spasms

A

vasoconstriction as response to tear in blood vessel wall

59
Q

Haemostasis: platelet plug formation

A

platelets start clinging to collagen fibres sticking out of torn wall. They then release chemicals enhancing vascular spasms and enhancing more platelets

60
Q

Haemostasis: Coagulation

A

Tissue releases TISSUE FACTOR which interacts with PLATELET FACTOR 3 (PF3, on platelet surface) and CALCIUM IONS and others forming an activator leading to formation of THROMBIN (enzyme) which joins FIBINOGEN proteins AND FORMS long molecules FIBRIN. Fibrin forms mesh that traps RBCs and forms basis of clot. After an hour clot retracts. squeezing SERUM (plasma minus proteins) from the mass and pulling edges together

61
Q

Thrombus

A

blood clot that develops and persists on unbroken blood vessel. Might be large enough to prevent blood flor

62
Q

Pulmonary thrombus

A

Blood clot blockage (thrombus) in the blood vessels serving lungs with possible outcome as death of lung tissue

63
Q

Hypoxia

A

inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissue resulting in tissue death

64
Q

Embolus

A

Thrombus blood clot that broke away and is freely floating until it lodges in a small vessel blocking the flow

65
Q

Cerebral embolus

A

Embolus (floating thrombus blood clot) which floated to brain and blocked a blood vessel causing stroke and brain tissue death

66
Q

Possible thrombus causes

A 
Severe burns
Physical blows
Accumulation of fatty material
Slow blood flow
Blood pooling in immobilised patients
67
Q

Anticoagulants

A

anti-clotting medicines: aspirin, heparin, warfarin

68
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

platelet deficiency, causing abnormal bleeding. might result from impaired liver or genetic condition, bone marrow cancer, radiation, drugs

69
Q

Petechiae

A

small purplish blotches on skin (resembling rash) caused by bleeding disorder thrombocytopenia - reflects small bleeds in body as result of normal movements

70
Q

Haemophilia

A

several hereditary bleeding disorders

71
Q

Loss of blood in %

A

15-30% loss causes paleness and weakness

over 30% loss causes severe shock which can be fatal

72
Q

Antigen

A

substance body recognises as foreign and stimulates immune system to fight it

73
Q

Antibodies

A

present in plasma, attach to RBCs with surface antigens different to those on own RBCs

74
Q

Agglutination

A

binding of antibodies in blood causes foreign RBCs to clump and clog small blood vessels. The foreign RBCs and then ruptured. Released Haemoglobin could block kidney tubules causing kidney failure (treatment by diuretics)

75
Q

Rh blood groups

A

Rh antigens in blood cells (-) or (+) for purposes of blood transfusion

76
Q

Haemolytic disease of the new-born

A

When mother goes through second pregnancy where baby has a different Rh blood antigen. Her antibodies will destroy baby’s RBCs - anaemic, hypoxic, cyanotic. Can lead to brain damage and even death (treatment: foetal transfusions)

77
Q

Jaundice

A

term used to describe a yellowish tinge to the skin and the whites of the eye. Body fluids may also be yellow. The colour of the skin and whites of the eyes will vary depending on levels of bilirubin. Bilirubin is a waste material found in the blood.

78
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

produced by stomach mucosa, required to absorb vit B12. Lack of it can lead to Pernicious anaemia.

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (19 decks)

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