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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology > 1. The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

1. The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

The integumentary system

A

the external covering of the body, or the skin, including the hair and fingernails. It waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury. - produces vit D - excretes salts in perspiration - regulates body temperature - sensory receptors

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2
Q

Skeletal system

A

Bones, cartilages, and joints. - supports body and provides framework for movement - protective functions

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3
Q

Muscular system

A

Movement - contracting. Skeletal muscles form muscular system

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4
Q

Nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

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5
Q

Endocrine system

A

Endocrine glands produce chemical molecules (hormones) and release them into blood - Pineal, Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes

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6
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

heart and blood vessels. - using blood as carrier

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7
Q

Lymphatic system

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils When fluid leaks into tissues form blood, lymphatic vessels return it to bloodstream. Lymph nodes help to cleanse blood and white blood cells involved in immunity

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8
Q

Respiratory system

A

nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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9
Q

Digestive system

A

oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum +accessory organs: liver, salivary glands, pancreas - role to break down food and deliver the nutrients to blood , reabsorb water - liver produces bile which breaks down fats. - the pancreas produces digestive enzymes to small intestine

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10
Q

Urinary system

A
  • removes nitrogen-containing wastes in urine - kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra - maintaining water and salt (electrolyte) balance, pH, helping to regulate blood pressure
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11
Q

Reproductive system

A

-male: scrotum, testes, penis, accessory glands, duct system -female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

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12
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

fluid between cells

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13
Q

PET - Positron emission tomography

A

injection of short lived radioisotopes in order to view metabolic processes. As radioisotopes are absorbed by most active cells, high-energy gamma rays are produced. This produces a picture of biochemical activity in colours -Alzheimer’s diagnose

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14
Q

CT - computed tomography

A

more detailed x-ray of each slice of the body. Aids in constructing 3D images of organs using DSR (dynamic spacial reconstruction) which can show movement. (brain, abdomen, heart)

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15
Q

MRI - magnetic resonance imaging

A

Uses magnetic fields, hydrogen spins and their energy is enhanced by radio waves. When radio waves are turned off, energy is released and translated into an image. No metals allowed. Dense structures do not show up (bones) - Multiple sclerosis

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16
Q

fMRI - functional magnetic resonance imaging

A

allows to track blood flow into brain in real time

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17
Q

Superior

A

towards the head end or upper part of body structure (above)

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18
Q

Inferior

A

away from the end of head or towards lower part of the body (below)

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19
Q

Anterior

A

towards or at the front of the body (chest) (in front of)

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20
Q

Posterior

A

towards or at the backside of body (behind)

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21
Q

Medial

A

toward or at the midline of the body (on inner side)

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22
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline of the body (on the outer side)

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23
Q

Intermediate

A

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

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24
Q

Proximal

A

Close to the origin of body part or point of attachment of limb to body (elbow is proximal to the wrist)

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25
Q

Distal

A

Farther from origin of the body part or point of attachment of limb to body (knee is distal to the thigh)

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26
Q

Superficial (external)

A

towards or at body surface

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27
Q

Deep (internal)

A

away from the body surface, more internal

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28
Q

abdominal

A

anterior body trunk inferior to ribs

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29
Q

acromial

A

point of shoulder

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30
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

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31
Q

antecubital

A

anterior surface of elbow

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32
Q

axillary

A

armpit

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33
Q

brachial

A

arm

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34
Q

buccal

A

cheek area

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35
Q

carpal

A

wrist

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36
Q

cervical

A

neck region

37
Q

coxal

A

hip

38
Q

crural

A

anterior leg calf, the shin

39
Q

deltoid

A

curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle

40
Q

digital

A

fingers, toes

41
Q

femoral

A

thigh

42
Q

fibular

A

lateral part of leg calf

43
Q

frontal

A

forehead

44
Q

inguinal

A

area where thigh meets body trunk, groin

45
Q

mental

A

chin

46
Q

nasal

A

nose area

47
Q

oral

A

mouth

48
Q

orbital

A

eye area

49
Q

patellar

A

anterior knee

50
Q

pectoral

A

relating to , in or on the chest

51
Q

pelvic

A

area overlaying the pelvis anteriorly

52
Q

pubic

A

genital region

53
Q

sternal

A

breastbone area

54
Q

tarsal

A

ankle region

55
Q

thoracic

A

between neck and abdomen, supported by ribs and sternum, chest

56
Q

umbilical

A

navel (bellybutton)

57
Q

calcaneal

A

heel of foot

58
Q

cephalic

A

head

59
Q

femoral

A

thigh

60
Q

gluteal

A

buttocks

61
Q

lumbar

A

area of back between ribs and hips, the loin

62
Q

occipital

A

posterior surface of head or base of skull

63
Q

olecranal

A

posterior surface of elbow

64
Q

popliteal

A

posterior knee area

65
Q

sacral

A

area between hips at base of spine

66
Q

scapular

A

shoulder blade region

67
Q

sural

A

the posterior surface of leg: the calf

68
Q

vertebral

A

area of spinal cord

69
Q

Plantar region

A

sole of the foot

70
Q

Sagittal section

A

cut along longitudinal place, dividing body into left and right side Also: if cut is along the median: median (midsagittal) section

71
Q

Frontal section

A

cut along lengthwise plane dividing body into anterior and posterior planes also: Coronal section

72
Q

Transverse section

A

cut along horizonal plane, dividing body into superior and inferior parts also: cross section

73
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

has 2 subdivisions (cranial, spinal)

74
Q

Cranial cavity

A

space inside bony skull

75
Q

Spinal cavity

A

extends from cranial to end of spinal cord

76
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

large, contains all structures within chest and abdomen, is subdivided

77
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

separated from the rest of abdomen by diaphragm, (lungs, heart)

78
Q

Mediastinum

A

central region separates lungs into right and left cavities in thoracic cavity. Itself it houses heart, trachea, other visceral organs

79
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

inferior to diaphragm, contains abdominal and pelvic cavity

80
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

stomach, liver, intestines, and other

81
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

82
Q

Umbilical region

A

centremost region, deep to and surrounding umbilicus

83
Q

Epigastric region

A

located superior to umbilical region

84
Q

Hypogastric (pubic) region

A

inferior to umbilical region

85
Q

Right iliac (inguinal) region and left iliac region

A

lateral to hypogastric region

86
Q

Right and left lumbar regions

A

lateral to umbilical region and spinal column between bottom ribs and hip bones

87
Q

right and left hypochondriac regions

A

flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs

88
Q

Orbital cavities

A

in the skull, house the eyes

89
Q

Middle ear cavities

A

carved into skull, lie medial to the eardrums, contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (19 decks)

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